Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal

Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal
Governor of Louisiana
In office 1743–1753
Monarch	Louis XV
Preceded by	Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne
Succeeded by	Louis Billouart
Governor General of New France
In office 1755–1760
Monarch	Louis XV
Preceded by	Marquis Du Quesne
Succeeded by	Province of Quebec
Personal details
Born	22 November 1698 (1698-11-22) Quebec, New France
Died	4 August 1778(1778-08-04) (aged 79) Paris, France
Nationality	French

Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal (22 November 1698 – 4 August 1778^[1]) was a Canadian-born French colonial governor in North America. He was governor of French Louisiana (1743–1753) and in 1755 became the last Governor-General of New France (or Canada), when the British conquered the colony in the Seven Years' War (known in the United States as the French and Indian War).

Life and work

He was born to the Governor-General of New France, Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil and his wife Louise-Élisabeth, daughter of Pierre de Joybert de Soulanges et de Marson, in Quebec.

Vaudreuil-Cavagnal rose quickly through the New France military and civil service, in part owing to his father's patronage but also due to his own innate ability. Commissioned an officer of the French army while still a youth, in 1733 he was appointed governor of Trois-Rivières, and in 1742 of French Louisiana, serving there from to May 10, 1743 to February 9, 1753 and proving himself a skilled officer and capable administrator. He moved to France in 1753 before being appointed by King Louis XV as governor of New France in 1755, just as the Seven Years' War began.

The first governor of New France to be born in Canada, his leadership was questioned and some of his orders were ignored by high-ranking officials of the French army such as Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, who judged him to be "too Canadian". Although Vaudreuil-Cavagnal held supreme civil authority in Canada and was technically commander-in-chief of all French forces there, he clashed often with Montcalm, the military commander in the field, who resented his oversight role. The two men grew to detest one another, much to the detriment of the French war effort. Vaudreuil-Cavagnal had excellent relations with the Canadian militia and with the Native-Canadian tribes allied with France; Montcalm looked down on both, preferring to rely upon French regular troops and making poor use of irregular Canadian and pro-French Native-Canadian forces.

After Montcalm lost to the British forces under Maj. Gen. James Wolfe at Quebec City in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Vaudreuil-Cavagnal tried to rally resistance to the British, but to no avail. He was forced to surrender Montreal on September 8, 1760 to Maj. Gen. Jeffrey Amherst.

The Marquis sailed back to France in British custody, and was briefly imprisoned, from March to May 1762, in the Bastille for his role in the loss of Canada. After an inquiry in 1763, he was exonerated and after selling his Canadian seigneuries at Vaudreuil and Rigaud to his cousin, Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière, he retired to his ancestral estate near Rouen, although the episode ruined his fortunes. He died in Paris on August 4, 1778.

The Vaudreuil-Soulanges county regional municipality of Quebec, Canada, is named after him.

His nephew Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil was the second in command of the French naval units supporting the Americans during the American Revolution. He was present at the defeat of the British fleet by the French at the pivotal Battle of the Chesapeake during the siege of Yorktown in 1781.

See also

New France portal

• Articles of Capitulation of Montreal
• Timeline of Quebec history
• Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil
• Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil
• Joseph Hyacinth Francois de Paule de Rigaud, Comte de Vaudreuil

Notes

1. ^ W. J. Eccles. "Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil", in Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, University of Toronto and Université Laval, 2000, retrieved March 15, 2009

References

• W. J. Eccles. "Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Pierre de, marquis de Vaudreuil", in Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, University of Toronto and Université Laval, 2000
• Barron, Bill (1975). The Vaudreuil Papers: A Calendar and Index of the Personal and Private Records of Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Royal Governor of the French Province of Louisiana, 1743-1753, New Orleans: Polyanthos, 543 p.
• Frégault, Guy (1952). Le Grand marquis : Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil et la Louisiane, Montréal: Fides, 481 p.
• Frégault, Guy (1955). La Guerre de la Conquête, Montréal: Fides, 514 p.
• Roy, Pierre-Georges (1938). La Famille de Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Lévis, 216 p. (online)
• Le Jeune, Louis, "Pierre de Cavagnal, marquis de Vaudreuil", in Dictionnaire général de biographie, histoire, littérature, agriculture, commerce, industrie et des arts, sciences, mœurs, coutumes, institutions politiques et religieuses du Canada, volume II, Ottawa: Université d’Ottawa, 1931, pp. 764–767. (online)
• Casgrain, Henri-Raymond (1895). Lettres du marquis de Vaudreuil au chevalier de Lévis, 215 p. (online)
• Casgrain, Henri-Raymond (1890). Extraits des archives des Ministères de la marine et de la guerre à Paris : Canada, Correspondance générale, MM. Duquesne et Vaudreuil, Gouverneurs-generaux, 1755-1760, Québec : L.J. Demers, 322 p. (online)
• Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud de (1763). Mémoire pour le marquis de Vaudreuil, grand-croix de l'Ordre royale & militaire de Saint-Louis, ci-devant gouverneur & lieutenant général de la Nouvelle France, Imprimerie de Moreau, 46 p.

External links

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.
• CyberAcadie : Biographie : Pierre de Rigaud de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, marquis de Vaudreuil (in French).
• Canadian Military Heritage - Mutual Dislike Between Colonial and Metropolitan Officers.
• 1759 From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham (Virtual Exhibition).
• National Battlefields Commission (Plains of Abraham).

Government offices
Preceded by Jean-Baptiste le Moyne de Bienville	French Governor of Louisiana 1743–1753	Succeeded by Louis Billouart, Chevalier de Kerlerec
Preceded by Ange Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis Duquesne	Governor General of New France 1755–1760	Succeeded by Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst as Governor General of British North America

Persondata
Name	Vaudreuil, Pierre de Cavagnal, Marquis de
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	22 November 1698
Place of birth	Quebec, New France
Date of death	4 August 1778
Place of death	Paris, France