Coues' Gadwall

Coues' Gadwall
Conservation status
Extinct
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Anseriformes
Family:	Anatidae
Subfamily:	Anatinae
Genus:	Anas
Subgenus:	Chaulelasmus
Species:	A. strepera
Subspecies:	A. strepera couesi
Trinomial name
Anas strepera couesi (Streets, 1876)
Synonyms
Chaulelasmus couesi Streets, 1876

Coues' Gadwall or Washington Island Gadwall (Anas strepera couesi) is an extinct dabbling duck which is only known by two immature specimens from the Pacific island of Teraina (formerly known as Washington Island—Luther mentions a supposed occurrence on "New York Island", which is merely another old name of Teraina however)Line Islands, Kiribati.^[1] They are in the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C..^[1] The bird was named in honor of Elliott Coues.

Description

Female Common Gadwall. Streets' Washington Island specimens differed only in minor details (see text).

A male and a female are known, which resemble the immature appearance of the Common Gadwall except for the black bill with a higher number of fuiltering lamellae, black feet, and the much inferior size (which may be due to the birds not being fully grown). The male resembles a male Common Gadwall in eclipse plumage save for some white speckling on the breast and back. The female looks like a small Common Gadwall female; the primary wing coverts were not patterned black, and the inner web of the secondary remiges was grey instead of white.^[1][2][3]

Measurements are: wing, 19.9 cm; bill, 3.7 cm; tarsus 3.6 cm.^[1] This means the birds were the size of a Cape Teal or Garganey, with a total length of 40–45 cm.^[4] As the birds were not fully adult when shot, it is not clear whether they would not have grown a bit larger.

Status and extinction

Teraina (Washington Island)

The status of this bird is controversial. While many scientists consider it as a dwarfed subspecies of the Common Gadwall (Anas strepera strepera)^[5] others argue that the two individuals might have been just juveniles of a local breeding population that might not even be taxonomically distinct. The Common Gadwall is a known vagrant to the Tuamotu Islands (Kolbe wrote "Tahiti which is a misreading of Greenway)^[6] and Hawaiʻi for example, which are about the same distance from the species' breeding grounds as is Teraina (which moreover lies in between these two groups). This makes it entirely possible that the Washington Island Gadwalls were just the offspring of a few vagrant Common Gadwalls, maybe settling after being wounded by hunters.^[1][2][6] On the other hand, Streets' reports suggest that there was a population of these ducks of some size present, and thus they may have lived there since quite some time and indeed be worthy of recognition as a distinct taxon.^[7]

The observations of the two individuals took place in January 1874.^[8] The species' description was by Thomas Hale Streets (1847–-1925) in 1876. Streets reported about the two immatures he shot and which were found in a peat bog.^[7]

The cause of its extinction might be the extensive hunting by settlers of Tabuaeran (Fanning Island), which had shot large numbers of migrant ducks on both Teraina and Tabuaeran each year. W.G. Anderson, a local resident stated in 1926 that growing up on Teraina and Tabueran around the turn of the century, he had never encountered a native population of gadwalls on Teraina. Thus, the population's disappearance can be fixed to the last quarter of the 19th century, between the mid-1870s and 1900.^[7]

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Luther, D. (1996)
2. ^ ^{a b} Greenway, J. (1967)
3. ^ Day, D. (1981)
4. ^ Madge & Burn (1987)
5. ^ E.g. Carboneras (1992)
6. ^ ^{a b} Kolbe, H. (1984)
7. ^ ^{a b c} Wetmore, A. (1925)
8. ^ Bulletin - United States National Museum (1877) (description as Chaulelasmus couesi). United States National Museum; Smithsonian Institution; United States. Dept. of the Interior

References

• Carboneras, Carles (1992): 74. Gadwall. In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): Handbook of Birds of the World (Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks): 602, plate 45. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
• Day, David (1981): The Doomsday Book of Animals. Ebury, London/Viking, New York. ISBN 0-670-27987-0
• Fuller, Errol (2000): Extinct Birds (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York. ISBN 0198508379
• Greenway, James C. Jr. (1967): Washington Island Gadwall. In: Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World (2nd ed.): 171-172. Dover Publications, New York.
• Kolbe, Hartmut (1984): Die Entenvögel der Welt (3rd ed.). [in German] J. Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen. ISBN 3-7888-0424-6
• Luther, Dieter (1996): Coues' Schnatterente ["Coues' Gadwall"]. In: Die ausgestorbenen Vögel der Welt (Die neue Brehm-Bücherei 424) (4th ed.): 27-28. [in German] Westarp-Wissenschaften, Magdeburg; Spektrum, Heidelberg. ISBN 3-89432-213-6
• Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1987): Wildfowl : an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1
• Wetmore, Alexander (1925): The Coues Gadwall Extinct. Condor 27(1): 36. PDF fulltext