Chuquicamata

Chuquicamata
Panorama of the pit
Location
Chuqicamata Location in Chile 22°17′S 068°54′W / 22.28333°S 68.9°W / -22.28333; -68.9Coordinates: 22°17′S 068°54′W / 22.28333°S 68.9°W / -22.28333; -68.9
Region	Antofagasta Region
Country	Chile
Owner
Company	CODELCO
Production
Products	Copper, gold
History
Opened	1882

Chuquicamata copper mine in 2007

Chuquicamata, or "Chuqui" as it is more familiarly known, is by digged volume the biggest open pit copper mine in the world, located in the north of Chile, 215 km northeast of Antofagasta and 1,240 km north of the capital, Santiago. The mine is owned and operated by Codelco, a Chilean state enterprise, since the Chilean nationalization of copper in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Its depth of 850 metres (2,790 ft) makes it the second deepest open-pit mine in the world (after Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, USA).

Overview

For many years it was the mine with the largest annual production in the world but was recently overtaken by Minera Escondida. Nevertheless it remains the mine with by far the largest total production of approximately 29 million tonnes of copper to the end of 2007 (excluding Radomiro Tomić).^[1][2] Despite over 90 years of intensive exploitation it remains one of the largest known copper resources. Its open pit is the world's largest at 4.3 km long, 3 km wide and over 900 m deep ^[3] and its smelter^[4] and electrolytic refinery (855,000 tonnes p.a.) are amongst the world's largest. Chuquicamata is also a significant producer of molybdenum.

Chuquicamata is now amalgamated with the operating Radomiro Tomić mine to the north (but still on the same mineralised system), the developing Alejandro Hales mine just to the south (formerly Mansa Mina, a slightly impolite description) and the recently discovered 'Toki cluster' of copper porphyries to form the Codelco Norte division of Codelco.^[5]

History

There are several versions of the meaning of Chuquicamata.^[6][7][8][9] The most widely known seems to be that it means the limit (camata) of the land of the Chucos (chuqui). Another says that it means metal (chuqui) tipped wooden (camata) spear. A third says that it means the distance (camata) that a spear (chuqui) was thrown by an Atacameño to determine the size of the copper orebody that a god intended to give him as a reward. Yet another theory is that it means 'Pico de Oro' or 'Peak of Gold'.

Copper has been mined for centuries at Chuquicamata as was shown by the discovery in 1899 of "Copper Man", a mummy dated at about 550 A.D. which was found trapped in an ancient mine shaft by a fall of rock.^[10] It is also said that Pedro de Valdivia obtained copper horseshoes from the natives when he passed through in the early 16th Century.^[11]

Mining activity was relatively small scale until the War of the Pacific when Chile annexed large areas of both Peru and Bolivia north of its old border, which included Chuquicamata. There was then a great influx of miners into the area drawn in by 'Red Gold Fever' (La Fiebre del Oro Rojo)^[12] and soon Chuquicamata was covered with mines and mining claims, over 400 at one point. It was a wild and disorganised camp. Title to claims was often in doubt due to the defective 1873 Mining Code, and the capture of Calama by the 1891 Civil War rebels who confiscated mines belonging to loyalists further complicated titles.^[6] Many of the miners lived in makeshift and lawless shanty towns around the mines, including Punta de Rieles, Placilla and Banco Drummond, which provided alcohol, gambling and prostitution and where murder was almost a daily occurrence. As late as 1918 the army had to be sent in to keep order.^[13] They were eventually buried under the waste dumps to the east of the mine.

These early operations mined veins such as the Zaragoza and Balmaceda, which were high grade with values up to 10-15% copper, and disregarded the low grade disseminated ore.^[13] One attempt was made to process the low grade ore in 1899-1900 by Norman Walker, a partner in La Compañia de Cobres de Antofagasta, but it failed leaving the company deeply in debt.^[14] However, mining never really developed satisfactorily in the early days because of the lack of water, the isolation and lack of communications, lack of capital and fluctuations in the copper price. Nevertheless larger mining companies eventually emerged, organised as commercial rather than mining operations to avoid the imperfections of the mining code,^[15] and started to buy up and consolidate the small mines and claims.

The modern mine

Mine's waste rock dumped by a giant truck

The modern era started when the American engineer Bradley finally developed a method of working low grade oxidised copper ores. In 1910 he approached the lawyer and industrialist Albert C Burrage who sent engineers to examine Chuquicamata. Their reports were good and in April 1911 he started to buy up mines and claims, mainly from the larger mining companies, in association with Duncan Fox y Cia., an English entrepreneur.^[6][7]

Since Burrage did not have the capital to develop a mine, he approached the Guggenheim Brothers. They examined his claims and estimated reserves at 690 million tonnes grading 2.58% copper.^[16] The Guggenheims also had a process for treating the low grade ores developed by Elias Anton Cappelen Smith^[17] and were immediately interested, organised the Chile Exploration Company (Chilex) in January 1912 and eventually bought out Burrage for US$25 million in Chilex stock. E. A. Cappelen Smith, consulting metallurgist for M. Guggenheim's Sons, worked out the first process for the treatment of Chuquicamata copper oxide ore about 1913, and directed a staff of engineers operating a pilot plant at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, on three shifts for an entire year.^[18][19]

Chilex then went ahead with the development and construction of a mine on the eastern section of the Chuquicamata field. (It acquired the remainder of the field gradually over the next 15 years). The 10,000 tons per day leaching plant was planned to produce 50,000 tons of electrolytic copper annually. Amongst the equipment purchased were steam shovels from the Panama Canal.^[7][20] A port and an oil-fired power plant were built at Tocopilla, 90 miles to the west and an aqueduct was constructed to bring water in from the Andes.^[21] Production started on May 18, 1915. Actual production rose from 4,345 tonnes in the first year to 50,400 tonnes in 1920 and 135,890 tonnes in 1929 before the Depression hit and demand fell.^[22]

Production for many years came from the oxidised capping of the orebody which merely required leaching and then electrowinning of the copper, but by 1951 the oxidised reserves were largely exhausted and the company built a mill, flotation plant and smelter to treat the huge reserves of underlying supergene copper sulfides. These secondary sulfides arise from the leaching of the overlying ore and its re-deposition on and replacement of the deeper primary (hypogene) sulfides.

Economic effects

Copper mining has long been the most consistent of Chilean exports; and in current day, it still accounts for almost one-third of all foreign trade. Yet that 1/3 is down from a peak of almost 75% in earlier years.

Copper has been mined in the land area between central Chile and southern Peru since Colonial times. Yet it was not until the 20th century that copper reached the importance of other mining exports such as saltpeter or silver. Before the first world war, saltpeter, collected in Chile from abundant deposits of caliche in the Atacama Desert, was the main source of nitrates in the world. After the World War I, because of the production of artificial nitrates, synthesized first in Germany by the combination of the Haber process and the Ostwald process, the world market for saltpeter, which was Chile’s main export, collapsed. In turn, Chile’s economy became heavily dependent on the copper industry. It was from that period that copper became known as “Chile’s salary”.

By the late 1950s, the three largest copper mines in Chile were Chuquicamata, El Salvador mine, and El Teniente. Chuquicamata and El Salvador were owned and operated by the Anaconda Copper Company. These mines were mainly self-contained and self-sustaining settlements. They were complete with their own cities to house the workers, their own water and electrical plants, schools, stores, railways, and even in certain cases their own police forces. These mines were extremely beneficial in an economical sense, for they provided steady jobs and a steady income for the nation of Chile.

Cultural references

The mine at Chuquicamata is represented in the 2004 Che Guevara Biopic, The Motorcycle Diaries and book of the same name. In the movie, Che Guevara visits the mine with companion, Alberto Granado, and is deeply affected by the plight of the migrant workers seeking employment from uncaring mine bosses.

See also

• Chilean nationalization of copper
• Geology of Chile
• Mir mine
• Bingham Canyon Mine

References

1. ^ Yacimientos Metaliferos De Chile, Carlos Ruiz Fuller & Federico Peebles, page 54.
2. ^ Cochilco Yearbook 1986-2005
3. ^ Codelco 2004 Annual Report
4. ^ USGS Copper Smelters
5. ^ Codelco 2006 Annual Report
6. ^ ^{a b c} La Lucha de los Mineros Contra las leyes: Chuquicamata (1900-1915) Luis Orellana Retamales
7. ^ ^{a b c} Cierre Campamento
8. ^ El Mercurio, Antofagasta
9. ^ Nombre de Chuquicamata
10. ^ The production of copper in 6th century Chile’s Chuquicamata mine. David R. Fuller
11. ^ Copper horseshoes for Pedro de Almagro
12. ^ La Llegada de los Romanticos Inveersionistas
13. ^ ^{a b} Closure of Chuquicamata camp
14. ^ La Lucha de los Mineros Contra la Leyes: Chuquicamata 1900-1915)
15. ^ Los primeros pasos de Chuquicamata
16. ^ Closure of Chuquicamata Camp
17. ^ The Decline of the Copper Industry in Chile
18. ^ The Oxide Plant ("Mining Engineering" Volume IV. 1952)
19. ^ History of Corporacion Nacional del Cobre de Chile
20. ^ New York Times article on Chuquicamata
21. ^ History of Codelco
22. ^ The Decline of the Copper Industry in Chile and the Entrance of North ... By Joanne Fox Przeworski

Further reading

• Camus, Francisco; John H. Dilles (2001). "A special issue devoted to porphyry copper deposits of Northern Chile". Economic Geology 96 (2): 233–237. doi:10.2113/96.2.233. http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org. Retrieved 2007-11-11. 
• Ossandon, C. Guillermo; Roberto Freraut C., Lewis B. Gustafson, Darryl D. Lindsay, Marcos Zentilli (2001). "Geology of the Chuquicamata mine: A progress report". Economic Geology 96 (2): 249–270. doi:10.2113/96.2.249. http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/96/2/249. Retrieved 2007-11-11. 
• "Chili entre mine et famine". Sandrine Mörch (Director). Arte 360°, GEO. 55 min minutes in. Retrieved on 2007-11-09.

External links

• Imágenes 3D en Google
• Codelco Chile - Chuquicamata info
• Chuqui: The Life and Death of a Mining Town - Documentary video about the last days of the town of Chuquicamata