System of Physical Quantities

System of Physical Quantities

System of Physical Quantities of Nikolay A. Plotnikov (SPQ) — the classification of physical quantities or physical operators, that makes it possible to reveal their dependence on the geometry of space-time and fundamental physical constants in the form of differential equations. The system was developed by Russian physicist Nikolai Аleksandrovich Plotnikov during 19721978 on the basis of general physical laws and is their graphic expression.

History of SPQ

In 17th century, René Descartes defines and creates the method of 3-Dimensional system with solid axes "X", "Y", "Z". On this basis, he developed principles of analytic geometry.

In the beginning of 20th century, Albert Einstein proposed to add to the solid axes system a time axis "t".

Around 1930, Gabriel Kron [8] defines his theory and writes the book "Tensor Nets Analysis". Kron studies nets of electric machinery and tries to use Tensor Analysis and up-to-date topology achievements. Though models of electric machinery are considered in Kron's works, Kron mentions the possibility of application of this kind of actuarial mathematics for computation of other kinds of physical systems.

In the middle of 20th century, scientists searched for systematization of decrees of nature in space and time solid axes system. Results were the placement of Physical Quantities of mechanics and gravitation into SGS system without taking into account mathematical analysis of field and possibility of application of one mathematical model for some physical processes of different kinds.

Such well-known scientists and engineers were O de Bartini and Kusnezov [6,7] . These studies led them to the kinematic system of Physical Quantities proposed by O .de Bartini. This kinematic system of Physical Quantities uses as base dimensional units only two: length [L] and time [T] . All other physical units including mass are considered derivative from these two base units. They are expressed in derived units [L] and [T] .

O de Bartini system describes physical system models. From my point of view Kron's works have proposals of mathematical description of physical systems.

In 1978 Plotnikov Nikolay [5] published System of Physical Quantities (SPQ) invented by him. It is based on SI units system. The SPQ uses space and time solid axes system and additional axis of Fundamental Physical Constants /FPC/

In 1981, in his article, Deschamps [4] published two graphs (DAG) for electromagnetic differential forms and description of differential-form quantities. The both Deschamps' graphs for electromagnetic differential forms are included in the SPQ of Plotnikov. Stokes' theorem and Gauss' theorem and also differential forms of different physical dimentions are described in Plotnikov's publication.

In 2004, Ismo V. Lindell [1] published the book with detailed description of differential-form quantities and its application to EM theory. This monograph is an excellent and deep introduction to modern language of EM theory. Ismo V. Lindell's book includes last results of studies of different media (for example: bi-anisotropic). Ismo V. Lindell developed mathematical formalism of physical processes of EM field.

Lately, due to development of computing systems, it is getting more actual to use differential-form theory for description and computing methods [2,3] . There are a lot scientific publication on this theme. This direction of mathematical physics and computer modeling is developing very fast.

Already in 1978 Russian scientist Plotnikov Nikolay Alexandrovich published the results of his own long-term researches in this field. Unfortunately Plotnikov N.A. passed away two years ago. But his achievements are saved due to his works. So far his heritage is not known in our country and abroad. From my point of view his works for modern physics is very actual because modern researchers are only discovering these directions of physics, which already are described and studied by Plotnikov N.A.

SPQ of Plotnikov is not a system of physical units (like SI, SGS and etc.) But SPQ is based on SI. System of Physical Quantities provides structural scheme of interrelations between different physical quantities in terms of mathematical expressions given by differential forms and etc.

Theory of SPQ

Deschamps graph

In 1981 in his article Deschamps [4] published two graphs (DAG) for electromagnetic differential forms.:egin{matrix}0-forms:&&&phi&&&&\&&&{Bigdownarrow}^{-d}&&&&\1-forms:&A&longrightarrow^{-dt}&E&&&H&\&{Bigdownarrow}^{d}&&{Bigdownarrow}^{-d}&&&{Bigdownarrow}^{d}&\2-forms:&B&longrightarrow^{-dt}&0&D&longrightarrow^{-dt}&J\&{Bigdownarrow}^{d}&&&{Bigdownarrow}^{d}&&{Bigdownarrow}^{d}&\3-forms:&0&&& ho&longrightarrow^{-dt}&0\end{matrix}
Maxwell-Faraday and Maxwell-Ampère equations (But the most common modern notation for these equations was developed by Oliver Heaviside) as a Deschamps graph for electromagnetic differential forms quantities in three dimensions.

Base of SPQ

The vacuum is a linear, homogeneous, isotropic, dispersionless medium, and the proportionality constants in the vacuum are denoted by ε0 and μ0.

Magnetic field and magnetic flux density equation: : mathbf{H} = 1 / mu_0 cdot mathbf{B}
Electric field and electric displacement field equation:: mathbf{E} cdot varepsilon_0 = mathbf{D}
Velocity of light c::c = frac{1}{sqrt{mu_0 varepsilon_0 or:{1 over mu_0 } = varepsilon_0 c^2
Vacuum impedance is:{Z_0 = mu_0 , c^1} or:{1 over R_0 } = varepsilon_0 c^1 Replace ε0 and μ0 constants together with the signs equally by the appropriate direction arrows and obtain system relations between the electromagnetic field one and two-forms:Each arrow unambiguously corresponds to the physical constant, which to find on one horizontal line with the arrow. Arrows are directed to the side of sign equally for the appropriate expressions. Horizontal arrows are equivalent to (dual) Hodge star operator * for the electrical or magnetic field. The mappings defined by various medium dyadics. Expression with impedance of free space relates to the vertical arrows.

Additional vertical (columns) and horizontal (line) graphs

The line number 1 is the list of physical quantities names of vertical graphs (columns).

The line number 2 is the field characteristics line and differential form numbers (denominator).

The line number 3 is the list of the physical quantities results of the multiplication of symmetrical physical quantities relative to the vertical line.

The vertical graphs A (column A) is the fundamental fhysical constants graphs.

The vertical graphs B (column B) is the matter forms graphs (Elasticity (physics), Magnetostatics, Electrostatics etc.).

Poincaré's lemma and de Rham's theorems

Following physical formulas, Poincaré's lemma and de Rham theorem, we unroll the System of Physical Quantities of Nikolay A. Plotnikov.

Magnetic energy density or magnetic pressure::old{P} = old{H} cdot old{B} = |old{B}|^2 {1 over mu_0 } = |old{H}|^2 mu_0 Electric energy density or electric pressure::old{P} = old{E} cdot old{D} = |old{D}|^2 {1 over varepsilon_0 } = |old{E}|^2 varepsilon_0

Let us multiply and let us divide the right sides of the expressions on space physical quantityold{l} ::old{P} = old{l} , old{H} cdot {1 over old{l , old{B} :old{P} = old{l} , old{E} cdot {1 over old{l , old{D}

The electric potential or scalar potential is:: - old{d} phi = old{E} or the same:: - vec{ abla} phi = vec{old{E

The electric charge density is: ho_e = old{d} wedge old{D} or the same:: ho_e = vec{ abla} cdot vec{old{D

The magnetic tension or the magnetic potential difference::old{V} = old{l} , old{H}

The magnetic source equal to zero (Magnetic monopole) :: operatorname{div} old{B} = 0

Place to the SPQ the analytical expressions in the graphic form. Operation with the space physical quantity old{l} (wedge product) replace by the graphic, short, horizontal pointer. The direction of pointer determine to the side of equal sign. This operation type put to the top of the SPQ (line "4").

List of the physical processes

Physical processes of the magnetism

: vec{ abla} imes vec{H} = vec{j}

: vec{ abla} imes vec{A} = vec{B}

: int_S vec{B} , { m d}vec{S} = Phi_B

: vec{P_m} = i ,vec{S} , vec{n}

Physical processes of the electrostatics

: N = oint_S vec{E} , { m d}vec{S}

: Q = int_V ho , { m d}vec{V}

: vec{ au_q} = {Q over l} , vec{n}

: - ho / varepsilon_0 = vec{ abla^2} , phi

Analytical expressions for the relation in the time of the physical processes

Use of the Differential Forms in Electromagnetics

Maxwell's equations in terms of differential forms in a 3-dimensional space

Maxwell's equations in terms of differential forms in a 4-dimensional space-time

space-time

In additional horizontal line 2 the numbers of differential forms for the three-dimensional space are shown.

: au = c , t : old d au partial_t = {1 over c} , partial_t , : c = frac{1}{sqrt{mu_0 varepsilon_0 : Tau = old t + old l wedge old d au

: vec{vec{I_E^T = sum_{i=1}^3 varepsilon_i old e_i : Alpha = omega + v wedge old d au = vec{vec{I_E^{(2)T} + vec{vecI_E^T}_wedge^wedge , old d au , old e_ au = {1 over 2} sum_{i=1}^3 sum_{j=1}^3 (varepsilon_i wedge varepsilon_j )(old e_i wedge old e_j) + sum_{i=1}^3 ( varepsilon_i wedge old d au ),( old e_i wedge old e_ au )

: old d = old d_E + old d au , partial_ au : old d_E = sum_{i=1}^3 old d x_i , partial_{x_i} = old d x ,partial_x + ,old d y ,partial_y + old d z ,partial_z .

: Phi = B + E wedge old d au

: old d wedge Phi = 0

: gamma = ho - J wedge old d au

: Psi = D + H wedge old d au

: old d wedge Psi = gamma_e

: Phi = old d wedge alpha = old d wedge ( alpha + old d psi )

: alpha = A - phi old d au

: alpha o^d Phi o^d 0 : Psi o^d gamma o^d 0

: Psi = vec{vec{M , | , Phi

References

* [1. Lindell I. V., Differential Forms in Electromagnetics. IEEE Press, Wiley Interscience, 2004]
* [2. http://www.llnl.gov/CASC/emsolve/pdf/cmes-paper.pdf P. Castillo, J. Koning, R. Rieben and D. White, A Discrete differential forms framework for computational electromagnetism, Computer Modeling in Engineering and Sciences, 2004, Vol 5, No 4, pp. 331-346.]
* [3. http://www.llnl.gov/CASC/emsolve/pdf/241640.pdf Castillo P., Koning J., Rieben R., Stowell M., White D., Discrete Differential Forms: A Novel Methodology for Robust Computational Electromagnetics. California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Technical Information Department's Digital Library, January 17,2003]
* [4. Deschamps G., Electromagnetics and differential forms. IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 676-687. 1981.]
* [5. http://plotnikovna.narod.ru/ Плотников Н.А. Система физических величин. ВОИР и Вологодский Областной Совет ВОИР. Вологда. 1978., (ББК 22.3 с, УДК 53.081)]
* [6. Кузнецов П. Г. Искусственный интеллект и разум человеческой популяции. - В кн.: Александров Е. А. Основы теории эвристических решений. - М., 1975.]
* [7. Бартини Р. О., Кузнецов П. Г. Множественность геометрий и множественность физик. - В сб.: Моделирование динамических систем". Брянск, 1974, с. 18-29.]
* [8. Kron G. Tensor Analysis of Networks. N. Y., 1939.]
* [9. http://www.chuev.narod.ru/ Anatoly Chuev-персональный сайт]
* [10. Чуев А. С. Физическая картина мира в размерности "длина-время" М., СИНТЕГ, 1999 г. с. 96]


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • List of physical quantities — This is a list of physical quantities.The first table lists the base quantities used in the International System of Units to define the physical dimension of physical quantities for dimensional analysis. Note that the angle and solid angle are… …   Wikipedia

  • Physical quantity — A physical quantity is a physical property that can be quantified. This means it can be measured and/or calculated and expressed in numbers. The value of a physical quantity Q is expressed as the product of a numerical value { Q } and a physical… …   Wikipedia

  • physical science, principles of — Introduction       the procedures and concepts employed by those who study the inorganic world.        physical science, like all the natural sciences, is concerned with describing and relating to one another those experiences of the surrounding… …   Universalium

  • Physical information — In physics, physical information refers generally to the information that is contained in a physical system. Its usage in quantum mechanics (i.e. quantum information) is important, for example in the concept of quantum entanglement to describe… …   Wikipedia

  • Physical Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Scientists discovered a new family of superconducting materials and obtained unique images of individual hydrogen atoms and of a multiple exoplanet system. Europe completed the Large Hadron Collider, and China and India took… …   Universalium

  • Physical constant — A physical constant is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and constant in time. It can be contrasted with a mathematical constant, which is a fixed numerical value but does not directly involve any… …   Wikipedia

  • Physical paradox — A physical paradox is an apparent contradiction in physical descriptions of the universe. While many physical paradoxes have accepted resolutions, others defy resolution and may indicate flaws in theory. In physics as in all of science,… …   Wikipedia

  • physical constant —  any of a set of fundamental invariant quantities observed in nature and appearing in the basic theoretical equations of physics. Accurate evaluation of these constants is essential in order to check the correctness of the theories and to allow… …   Universalium

  • Physical unit — Unit U nit, n. [Abbrev. from unity.] 1. A single thing or person. [1913 Webster] 2. (Arith.) The least whole number; one. [1913 Webster] Units are the integral parts of any large number. I. Watts. [1913 Webster] 3. A gold coin of the reign of… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • International System of Units — SI redirects here. For other uses, see Si (disambiguation). Cover of brochure The International System of Units The International System of Units[1] (abbreviated SI from French: Système international d unités[2]) is the modern …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”