Hurricane Betsy

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Hurricane Betsy
Type=hurricane
Year=1965
Basin=Atl
Image location=Hurricane Betsy.jpg


Formed=August 27, 1965
Dissipated=September 14, 1965
1-min winds=135
Pressure=941
Da

Inflated=1
Fatalities=76 direct
Areas=Windward Islands, Bahamas, south Florida and Florida Keys, Louisiana, inland Southern United States
Hurricane season=1965 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Betsy was a powerful hurricane of the 1965 Atlantic hurricane season which caused enormous damage in the Bahamas, Florida, and Louisiana. Betsy made its most intense landfall near the mouth of the Mississippi River, causing significant flooding of the waters of Lake Pontchartrain into New Orleans; at the time it was the costliest hurricane in the history of the United States, and, as the first hurricane to cause over a billion dollars in damage (1965 dollars), earned the nickname "Billion-Dollar Betsy".

Meteorological history

Betsy formed east of the Windward Islands, and moved north through the island chain as a tropical storm, at one point making a complete loop. When it was about 350 miles (560 km) east of Daytona Beach, Florida, and seemed to be on its way to hit the Carolinas, it turned back toward the southwest (making a "second" complete loop), passing over the Bahamas where winds on Great Abaco Island reached 147 mph (237 km/h). Betsy travelled just north of Nassau, the biggest city in the Bahamas, where it stalled for about three hours, allowing its winds to pound the city.

On September 7, Betsy continued moving toward the southwest toward extreme southern Florida. It passed over Key Largo at the eastern end of the Florida Keys on September 8, and then continued west along the Keys, as a Category 3 hurricane. Hurricane-force winds were experienced in the Miami area for roughly twelve hours. At its landfall on Key Largo, Betsy had an exceptionally large eye (40 miles (65 km) in diameter).

After crossing Florida Bay and entering the Gulf of Mexico, Betsy restrengthened, growing into a Category 4 storm with winds up to 155 mph (250 km/h), only one mile per hour short of qualifying for Category 5 status. It continued northwestward, moving into Barataria Bay on the evening of September 9. It made its second U.S. landfall at Grand Isle, Louisiana, just west of the mouth of the Mississippi River, where it destroyed almost every building. At the time of landfall in Louisiana, Betsy was a strong Category 3 storm. [National Hurricane Center. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastint.shtml The Most Intense Hurricanes in the United States 1851-2004.] Retrieved on 2007-02-02.] The storm travelled upriver, causing the Mississippi at New Orleans to rise by 10 feet (3 m).

Preparations

The Baton Rouge weather bureau warned residents to get extra food that would not have to be cooked, or with little preparation. They also warned residents to store a water supply, have flashlights or other emergency light sources, and keep them at the ready. In addition, residents were told to fill the gasoline tanks of their cars, and check to make sure their battery powered radios had full charged batteries in them, and to secure any small boats immediately. [U. S. Weather Bureau Office Baton Rouge, Louisiana. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1965/betsy/local/btr0912z.gifLocal Statement No. 1.] Retrieved on 2007-02-02.]

Impact

Betsy was one of the most intense, deadly, and costly storms to make landfall in the United States. The storm killed 76 people in Louisiana. Betsy caused $1.42 billion in damage, which when adjusted for inflation amounts to $10-12 billion (2005 USD). Betsy was the first hurricane to cause damage in excess of $1 billion (based on damage at the time of the storm - many storms before then have inflation-adjusted damage over $1 billion); the storm thus earned the nickname "Billion-Dollar Betsy".

Gulf of Mexico

Eight offshore oil platforms were destroyed during Betsy, with others experiencing damage. A Shell oil platform off the Mouth of the Mississippi river was not seen again. The oil rig Maverick, owned by future president George H. W. Bush's Zapata corporation also disappeared during the cyclone. It was insured by Lloyd's of London for US$5.7 million (1965 dollars). [U. S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service. [http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/studies/2004/2004-049.pdf History of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry in Southern Louisiana Interim Report: Volume I: Papers on the Evolving Offshore Industry.] Retrieved on 2007-02-02.]

Louisiana

Hurricane Betsy slammed into New Orleans on the evening of September 9th, 1965. 110 mph winds and power failures were reported in New Orleans. [U. S. Weather Bureau Office Baton Rouge, Louisiana. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1965/betsy/local/btr1005z.gifLocal Statement No. 7.] Retrieved on 2007-02-02.] The eye of the storm passed to the southwest of New Orleans on a northwesterly track. The northern and western eyewalls covered Southeast Louisiana and the New Orleans area from about 8 pm until 4 am the next morning. In Thibodaux winds of 130 mph to 140 mph were reported. [U. S. Weather Bureau Office Baton Rouge, Louisiana. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1965/betsy/local/btr1006z.gifLocal Statement No. 8] Retrieved on 2007-02-02.] The Baton Rouge weather bureau operated under auxiliary power, without telephone communication. [U. S. Weather Bureau Office Baton Rouge, Louisiana. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1965/betsy/local/btr1009z.gifLocal Statement No. 11] Retrieved on 2007-02-02.] Around 1 am, the worst of the wind and rain was over.

Betsy also drove a storm surge into Lake Pontchartrain, just north of New Orleans, and the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, a deep-water shipping channel to the east and south. Levees for the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet along Florida Avenue in the Lower Ninth Ward and on both sides of the Industrial Canal failed. The flood water reached the eaves of houses in some places and over some one story roofs in the Lower Ninth Ward. Some residents drowned in their attics trying to escape the rising waters.

These levee breaches flooded parts of Gentilly, the Upper Ninth Ward, and the Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans as well as Arabi and Chalmette in neighboring St. Bernard Parish. President Lyndon Johnson visited the city, promising New Orleans Mayor Vic Schiro federal aid.

It was ten days or more before the water level in New Orleans went down enough for people to return to their homes. It took even longer than that to restore their flooded houses to a livable condition. Those who did not have family or friends with dry homes had to sleep in the shelters at night and forage for supplies during the day, while waiting for the federal government to provide emergency relief in the form of trailers.

In all, 164,000 homes were flooded at the second landfall.

Evidence suggests that cheap construction and poor maintenance of the structures led to the failure of the levees. However, popular rumor persists that they were intentionally breached, possibly as a means of salvaging the more prosperous French Quarter. [The Times-Picayune. [http://www.nola.com/printer/printer.ssf?/base/news-4/1134370689216400.xml Rumor of levee dynamite persists] Retrieved on 2007-06-09] Similar rumors abound in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.

Aftermath

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Hurricane Protection Program came into existence as a result of Betsy. The Corps built new levees for New Orleans that were both taller and made of stronger material, designed specifically to resist a fast-moving Category 3 hurricane like Betsy. The resulting levee improvements failed when Hurricane Katrina, a large, slow-moving, intense hurricane made landfall near New Orleans on August 29, 2005.

Retirement

Because of the significance of its damage, the name Betsy was retired from the recurring list of names for Atlantic hurricanes. It was replaced by the name Blanche for the 1969 season.

External links

* [http://www.floridamemory.com/PhotographicCollection/photo_exhibits/hurricanes.cfm Historic Images of Florida Hurricanes (State Archives of Florida)]
* [http://www.whitehousetapes.org/exhibits/betsy/ President Lyndon Johnson and the Response to Hurricane Betsy @ University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs]

References

ee also

*List of Atlantic hurricanes
*List of retired Atlantic hurricane names