HMS Foudroyant (1798)

HMS "Foudroyant" was an 80-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. She was built in Plymouth, and launched on 31 March 1798. [Goodwin p.179; The launch date of "Foudroyant" is given as 31 March, 25 May, and 31 August. This fact is highlighted in the text, and the August date is attributed to Lyon's "Sailing Navy List", published in 1993. Dates given for commissioning and other movements, which are taken from the ship's logs indicate that the March date is correct. A painting depicting the launch, dated 25 May 1798, adds further confusion, though it is not clear from the text if that was actually the date the painting was finished.] [Lavery, "Ships of the Line", p183.] She was named for the 80-gun "Foudroyant", captured from the French on 28 February 1758. [National Maritime Museum; captured by "Swiftsure", "Monmouth" (both 70-gun ships) and "Hampton Court" (64 guns).] This "Foudroyant" was a one-off design, differing from the British norm, and following French practise, by mounting the 80 guns on two decks rather than 3, as was typical of the British second rate. Nelson used "Foudroyant" as his flagship from 6 June 1799 until the end of June 1801.

ervice History

"Foudroyant" had a long and successful career, and although she was not involved in any major fleet action, she did provide invaluable service to numerous admirals throughout her 17 years on active service, and in her later life she helped train boys in the ways of the sea.

French Revolutionary War

"Foudroyant" was first commissioned on 25 May 1798, under the command of Captain Thomas Byard. His command of the ship lasted only until 31 October when, after bringing the ship back to Plymouth, he died. Captain William Butterfield temporarily took command of the ship, before being transferred to "Hazard" just twelve days later.

Captain John Elphinstone took up command of the ship on 26 November 1798, in Cawsand Bay. Lord Keith hoisted his flag in her on 28 November, and "Foudroyant" departed to join the Mediterranean Squadron on 5 December. After arriving at Gibraltar, Keith shifted his flag to "Barfleur" on 31 December, and Captain Elphinstone left the ship the following day, being replaced by Captain James Richard Dacres. Dacres' command lasted for four months, before he was replaced on 22 March 1799 by Captain William Brown. "Foudroyant" sailed from Gibraltar on 11 May, calling at Port Mahon before arriving at Palermo on 7 June. At this time, Brown transferred to "Vanguard", and Captain Thomas Hardy took over the command. The following day, Lord Nelson hoisted his flag in "Foudroyant".

Over the following months, "Foudroyant" was involved in the efforts to return the Neapolitan royal family to Naples. Nelson's fleet arrived in Naples [Goodwin, p182. The fleet consisted of a total of 18 ships of the line, 1 frigate and 2 fire ships. "Mutine", a brig-sloop of 16 guns should also be included in this tally. Ships known to have comprised this fleet are: "Alexander", "Bellerophon", "Bellona", "Goliath", "Leviathan", "Majestic", "Northumberland", "Powerful", "Swiftsure", "Vanguard", "Zealous" (ships of the line); "Syren" (frigate); "Mutine" (brig-sloop)] , without the royal family at this time, on 24 June, and landed 500 marines in support of the Neapolitans. A series of reprisals against known insurgents followed, during which time more than one court martial was held at the invitation of the Neapolitan officers, resulting in hangings in some cases. Whilst "Foudroyant" was in Naples harbour, Nelson began his affair with Emma, Lady Hamilton. The ship departed Naples on 6 August, in company with the frigate "Syren", and the Portuguese ship "Principe Real". "Foudroyant" also transported the Sardinian royal family to Leghorn on 22 September.

On 13 October, "Foudroyant" entered Port Mahon harbour, and Captain Hardy was succeeded in command by Captain Sir Edward Berry. 22 October found "Foudroyant" back at Palermo. Nelson remained ashore when the ship departed for Gozo on 29 October, with "Minotaur". In November, after weathering a storm in Palermo harbour, "Foudroyant" departed once more, this time with "Culloden", and ran aground in the Straits of Messina. With "Culloden"'s assistance, it was possible to haul the ship off and into deep water. On 6 December a large part of the 89th regiment embarked on "Foudroyant" [Goodwin, p184. The majority of the 89th regiment came aboard at 0900 on 6 December, together with their women and children — 523 people in total.] . The soldiers were landed at St. Paul's Bay, on Malta on the 10th. She was back at Palermo on 15 January 1800, when Lord Nelson hoisted his flag in her once again, and "Foudroyant" sailed on to Leghorn, arriving on the 21st, where she received salutes from Danish and Neapolitan frigates, and two Russian ships of the line.

Sicilian soldiers were embarked on 11 February, and "Foudroyant" sailed the next day for Malta, in company with "Alexander", "Northumberland" (both 74s), and "Success" (32). On 18 February, the squadron began a chase of a squadron of three French ships — "Le Généreux" (74), "Badine" (28), and "Fauvette" (20). "Alexander" forced one of the frigates to surrender, whilst "Success" engaged "Le Généreux", and the two ships exchanged a couple of broadsides before "Foudroyant" came up and fired into the French ship of the line. "Le Généreux" struck her colours [The victory was of particular significance to Berry, for in 1798, after the Battle of the Nile, returning to England in command of "Leander", a courageous battle with "Le Généreux" had resulted in Berry surrendering.] , and it was discovered that Rear-Admiral Jean-Baptiste Perrée, the commander-in-chief of the French navy in the Mediterranean was aboard her, and had been killed at the start of the action. His ships had been carrying troops intended to relieve Malta, and their failure to arrive significantly harmed the French hold on Malta, and the British blockade of the island was proving successful.

At the beginning of March, Nelson having been taken ill was left at Palermo, and on 25 March she sailed for Malta once more. On 29 March, "Foudroyant" encountered the sloop "Bonne Cityonne", and from her Berry learned that French ships were expected to leave Valetta that evening. "Guillaume Tell" put to sea on the evening of the 30th, and fell in with "Lion" and "Penelope". As day broke and the scene became apparent, "Foudroyant" manoeuvred to pistol range of the French ship — the last remaining ship to have escaped Aboukir ("Le Généreux" being the only other), and further intensified the battle. "Foudroyant's" log notes that at one point during the battle, the French colours were nailed to the stump of her mizzen mast. However, "Guillaume Tell" eventually struck her colours, but not before "Foudroyant" had lost her fore topmast and main topsail yard. Aboard her was Rear-Admiral Decres. Later in the day, "Foudroyant's" mizzen mast fell, having been damaged during the battle. "Lion" took "Foudroyant" in tow for a time, whilst a jury rig was set up. She entered Syracuse on 3 April.

On 3 June, the Neapolitan king and queen boarded the ship, as well as Sir William Hamilton and his wife Emma. The royal family departed the ship after their arrival in Leghorn on 15 June, and just two weeks later Nelson hauled down his flag, and began the journey home to England overland, with the Hamiltons. Lord Keith raised his flag in "Foudroyant" for the second time on 15 August, returning the ship to Gibraltar on 13 September. Captain Berry transferred out of the ship on 2 November for the 38-gun frigate "Princess Charlotte".

Captain Philip Beaver took over the command on 17 November, and sailed into the Eastern Mediterranean with a fleet of 51 vessels, many armed en flûte and carrying the 16,150 men of General Sir Ralph Abercromby's force, which was intended to drive the French out of Egypt. Keith used his ships to reduce the castle at the entrance of Abukir Bay, which eventually fell to the British on the 18 March 1801. A French counter-attack on 21 March by some 14,000 men, although ending in defeat, caused General Abercromby a severe injury, and he died aboard "Foudroyant" a week after the battle. "Foudroyant" lay off Alexandria until June, and on 17 June Captain Beaver was transferred to "Determinée", being replaced by Captain John Clarke Searle. When the Treaty of Amiens was signed, bringing the war to an end in 1802, Searle paid the ship off at Plymouth on 26 July.

Napoleonic Wars

In January 1803, "Foudroyant" was docked in Plymouth for a somewhat major repair. The ship was recommissioned under the command of Captain Peter Spicer on 11 June. Her former captain, now Rear Admiral Sir James Richard Dacres, hoisted his flag on the same day, and remained aboard until 28 October. Two days later, Rear Admiral of the White Sir Thomas Graves hoisted his flag. Captain Peter Puget took over the command on 27 February 1804; however, owing to a serious injury while "Foudroyant" served with the Channel Fleet, he was returned to England (leaving Christopher Nesham in acting command) and officially left the ship on 31 May 1805. "Foudroyant" returned to dock on 26 March 1804 for repairs.

24 February 1805 saw Captain Edward Kendall take over the command, and in June "Foudroyant" was flagship of Grave's fleet, consisting of "Barfleur", "Raisonnable", "Repulse", "Triumph", "Warrior", "Windsor Castle", and "Egyptienne" blockading the French port of Rochefort.

Command of the ship passed to Captain John Douglas on 9 December temporarily, before Captain John Chambers White assumed command on the 13th. On 13 March 1806, "Foudroyant" was involved in an action between some ships of the fleet and two French vessels - "Marengo" of 80 guns, and "Belle Poule" of 40. Both ships were captured and taken into the navy. On 24 November Captain Richard Peacock took command of the ship, and Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren hoisted his flag in "Foudroyant" on 19 December.

Rear Admiral Sir Albermarle Bertie raised his flag in "Foudroyant" on 20 May 1807, and remained in the ship until 17 November. Peacock's command passed to Captain Thompson on 31 May. "Foudroyant" joined with Admiral Sir Sidney Smith's squadron blockading Lisbon. [Goodwin, p189. Sidney Smith's squadron was comprised of "Hibernia", "London", "Conqueror", "Elizabeth", "Marlborough", "Monarch", and "Plantagenet".] Smith hoisted his flag in "Foudroyant" on 24 January 1808. Captain Charles Marsh Schomberg took command of the ship on 6 June. [Goodwin, p189. The ship's records indicate that Captain Thompson left the ship on 3 February. The gap between him leaving the ship and Schomberg joining is not explained.] On 12 March "Foudroyant" parted company for South America, arriving in Río de Janeiro in August. Captain John Davie took command on 25 January 1809, and then Captain Richard Hancock on 17 May. Smith transferred his flag to "Diana" on the same day. From 25 May, "Foudroyant" was in company with "Agamemnon", "Elizabeth", "Bedford", "Mutine", "Mistletoe" and "Brilliant", escorting a convoy. On 8 June they entered Moldonado Bay at the mouth of the Río de la Plata, and "Agamemnon" struck rocks, and was wrecked. "Foudroyant" assisted in taking off men and stores from the stricken ship, and no lives were lost.

"Foudroyant" remained in the Río area until August 1812, when she returned to England, entering Cawsand Bay on 21 October, and entering Plymouth on 6 November. Hancock departed the ship on 30 November, and then "Foudroyant" lay at her anchor until 26 January 1815, when she was taken into dock for a large repair that lasted 4 years.

Post War & Fate

in the process. [ [http://www.accordions.com/nao/competitions/2008/pier.htm National Accordion Organization of the United Kingdom ] ] Flotsam from the wreck was used to make furniture. [ [http://www.hamptonandlittlewood.co.uk/Catalogues/AC200607/page5.htm AC200607 Lot:120-149 ] ]

As a replacement, Cobb purchased the 38-gun frigate "Trincomalee", and renamed her "Foudroyant" in the previous ship's honour. This "Foudroyant" remained in service until 1991, when she was taken to Hartlepool and renamed back to "Trincomalee".

ee also

*HMS "Trincomalee" - the 38-gun frigate of 1817 purchased by Mr Cobb as a replacement for "Foudroyant", and renamed "Foudroyant" in her honour.

Notes

References

*Goodwin, Peter (2002) "Nelson's Ships - A History of the Vessels in which he Served, 1771-1805". Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-742-2
* [http://www.nmm.ac.uk/mag/pages/mnuExplore/PaintingDetail.cfm?ID=BHC0383 The Capture of the "Foudroyant" by HMS "Monmouth", 28 February 1758] . National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
*Michael Phillips. [http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/INTRO18.HTM Ships of the Old Navy, A History of Ships of the 18th Century Royal Navy] . Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
*Lavery, Brian (2003) "The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850." Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-252-8.

External links

* [http://www.rossallbeach.co.uk/foudroyantnelsonp.htm Gallery] of pictures, and history of HMS "Foudroyant".