Campinas

Infobox Settlement
official_name = Campinas
nickname = "Cidade das Andorinhas", "Brazilian Silicon Valley", "Princesa ´d'Oeste"
motto =

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imagesize = 250px
image_caption = Skyline of Campinas

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mapsize = 250px
map_caption = Location of Campinas
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_type1 = Region
subdivision_type2 = State
subdivision_name = flagicon|BRA Brazil
subdivision_name1 = Southeast
subdivision_name2 = São Paulo
leader_title = Mayor
leader_name = Hélio de Oliveira Santos (PDT)|leader_title1 =
leader_name1 =
leader_title2 =
leader_name2 =
leader_title3 =
leader_name3 =
established_title = Founded
established_date = July 14, 1774
established_title2 =
established_date2 =
established_title3 =
established_date3 =
area_magnitude =
area_total_km2 = 797.6
area_total_sq_mi =
area_land_km2 =
area_land_sq_mi =
area_water_km2 =
area_water_sq_mi =
area_water_percent =
area_urban_km2 =
area_urban_sq_mi =
area_metro_km2 = 3645
area_metro_sq_mi =
population_as_of = 2006
population_note =
population_total = 1,059,420
population_density_km2 = 1331
population_density_sq_mi =
population_metro = 3,2 million people
population_footnotes =
population_density_metro_km2 =
population_density_metro_sq_mi =
population_urban =
timezone = UTC-3
utc_offset = -3
timezone_DST = UTC-2
utc_offset_DST = -2
latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS=
longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=
elevation_m = 685
elevation_ft =
area_code = 19
postal_code_type = Postal Code
postal_code = 13000-000
blank_name = HDI (2000)
blank_info = 0.852 – high
website = [http://www.campinas.sp.gov.br Campinas, São Paulo]

Campinas (pronounced|kɐ̃ːˈpinɐs) is a city and county ("município") located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

The county area is 797,6 km². Population is approximately 1,059,420 (2004 est.), with over 98% in the urban region. Its metropolitan area, defined in 2000, has some 19 cities and a population of 3,2 million people. Campinas is also the administrative center of the meso-region of the same name, with 3,641,766 inhabitants (2005 est.) and 49 cities. It is the third largest city in the state, after São Paulo (10,927,985 inhab. - 2006 est.) and Guarulhos (1,283,253 inhab. - 2006 est.).

Geography

Ecology

Campinas has a relevant ecological interest area ("Portuguese: Área de Relevante Interesse Ecológico") — Santa Genebra forest, with 2.51 km², created in 1985 and regulated by IBAMA, Campinas City Hall and José Pedro de Oliveira Foundation.Among the public parks, there are the "Bosque Municipal", the "Lagoa do Taquaral Park", the "Ecological Park of Campinas" and the "Lagoa da UNICAMP" Park. These parks feature jogging and bicycle paths.

Climate

climate chart
Campinas
19|29|310
19|28|202
18|27|152
17|26|63
14|24|59
13|23|29
12|22|13
14|24|18
16|26|54
17|27|109
18|28|163
19|29|237
source= [http://weather.uk.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3aBRXX0050&setunit=C MSN Weather]
float=right
clear=none

Campinas is located on the São Paulo plateau, in the transition area to the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range. It has an excellent climate throughout the year, characterized by mostly sunny and hot days (more than 200 days in the year), a mild temperature range (average yearly temperature of 22.4 degrees Celsius, ranging from an average minimum of 7.2 degrees to a maximum of 35.9 degrees) and a constant regime of cool winds. Due to this, Campinas has little air pollution and smog and the local airports almost never close due to bad weather. Thanks to a regular rain regimen, the region's vegetation is evergreen, and some crops, such as sugarcane have three harvests per year.

The wet season is from mid-October to mid-June, with heavier rains particularly in January and February, and the dry season is from mid-May to mid-September. Average rainfall is 24.3 mm in August and 267.8 mm in January. Average humidity ranges from 37% (August) to 56% (January).

In the region around Campinas near the state of Minas Gerais there are a number of cities enjoying an even milder mountain climate, such as Atibaia, Águas de Lindóia, Itapira, Itatiba, Joanópolis, Serra Negra, Socorro, where several water spas are located.

History

The city was founded on July 14, 1774, by Barreto Leme. It was initially a simple outpost on the way to Minas Gerais and Goiás serving the "Bandeirantes" who were in search of precious minerals and Indian slaves. In the first half of the 19th century, Campinas became a growing population center, with many coffee and sugarcane farms.

The construction of a railway linking the city of São Paulo to Santos' seaport, in 1867, was very important for its growth. In the second half of the 19th century, with the abolition of slavery, farming and industrialization attracted many foreign immigrants to replace the lost manpower, mainly from Italy.

Coffee became an important export and the city became wealthy. In consequence, a large service sector was established to serve the growing population, and in the first decades of the 20th century, Campinas could already boast of having an opera house, theaters, banks, movie theaters, radio stations, a philharmonic band, two newspapers (Correio Popular and Diário do Povo), a good public education system (with the Escola Normal de Campinas and the Colégio Culto à Ciência), and hospitals, such as the Santa Casa de Misericórdia (a charity for poor people) and the Casa de Saúde de Campinas (for the Italian community), and the most important Brazilian research center in agricultural sciences, the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, which was founded by Emperor Pedro II. Finally, the construction of the first Brazilian highway in 1938, between Campinas and São Paulo, the Anhanguera Highway, was a turning point in the integration of Campinas into the rest of the state.

Campinas was the birthplace of opera composer Carlos Gomes (1836 — 1896) and of the President of the Republic Campos Salles (1841 — 1913). It was home for 49 years for Hércules Florence, reputed as one of the early inventors of photography, photocopying and the mimeograph.

Title and symbols

Campinas means "grass fields" in Portuguese and refers to its characteristic landscape, which originally comprised large stretches of dense subtropical forests ("mato grosso" or thick woods in Portuguese), mainly along the many rivers, interspersed with gently rolling hills covered by low-lying vegetation.

Campinas is also known as "Cidade das Andorinhas" (City of Swallows), because it was a favorite spot for these migratory birds, which flocked annually in enormous numbers to downtown Campinas. However, they almost disappeared around the 1950s, probably because the church and plaza where they used to roost were torn down. Campinas' official crest and flag has a picture of the mythical bird, the phoenix, because it was practically reborn after a devastating epidemic of yellow fever in the 1800s, which killed more than 25% of the city's inhabitants.

An inhabitant of Campinas is called a "campineiro".

Metropolitan Region of Campinas

As of 2000, Campinas became an official metropolitan region (RMC — Região Metropolitana de Campinas), with 19 municipalities, with a total of 2.3 million inhabitants and a total land area of 3,348 km² (data of 2000), adjacent to the São Paulo metropolitan region (RMSP).
* Americana
* Artur Nogueira
* Cosmópolis
* Engenheiro Coelho
* Holambra
* Hortolândia
* Indaiatuba
* Itatiba
* Jaguariúna
* Monte Mor
* Nova Odessa
* Paulínia
* Pedreira
* Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
* Santo Antônio de Posse
* Sumaré
* Valinhos
* Vinhedo

The Campinas municipality is also the administrative center of the micro- and meso-regions of the same name. The micro-region includes the RMC (Metropolitan Region of Campinas) and the municipality of Elias Fausto; the meso-region also includes the following municipalities: Aguaí, Amparo, Águas da Prata, Águas de Lindóia, Caconde, Casa Branca, Divinolândia, Espírito Santo do Pinhal, Estiva Gerbi, Itapira, Itobi, Lindóia, Mococa, Mogi Guaçu, Moji-Mirim, Monte Alegre do Sul, Pedra Bela, Pinhalzinho, Pirassununga, Porto Ferreira, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, Santo Antônio do Jardim, São João da Boa Vista, São José do Rio Pardo, São Sebastião da Grama, Serra Negra, Socorro, Tambaú, Tapiratiba, Vargem Grande do Sul and Vinhedo.

Other cities which are geographically, historically or economically tied to the meso-region of Campinas could be mentioned: Araras, Atibaia, Bragança Paulista, Capivari, Conchal, Iracemápolis, Itu, Itupeva, Jarinu, Jundiai, Limeira, Louveira, Mombuca, Morungaba, Piracicaba, Rafard, Rio das Pedras, Salto and Tuiuti.

Economy

Campinas' main economic activities are agriculture (mainly coffee, sugarcane, and cotton), industry (textiles, motorcycles, cars, machinery, agricultural equipment, food and beverages, chemical and petrochemical, pharmaceuticals, paper and cellulose, telecommunications, computers and electronics, etc.), commerce and services.

The region is responsible for 9% of Brazil's Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Fact|date=July 2007, with just over 3% of the country's population. Per capita income is one of the highest in Latin AmericaFact|date=July 2007 (over US$ 29,000/year Purchase Parity Power). Absolute GDP has experienced a growth of more than 50%¨between 2000 and 2003Fact|date=July 2007. Five cities in Campinas' region are among the 100 largest in GDPs in Brazil (Campinas, Paulínia, Americana, Sumaré and Indaiatuba), with Campinas occupying the 14^th position (total GDP of US$ 60 billion)Fact|date=July 2007. About 70 companies listed in the directory of the 500 largest private and public companies are headquartered in the Campinas region, with a total gross sales volume of more than 25 billion dollars in 2005 and more than 100,000 workersFact|date=July 2007.

The Campinas Metropolitan Region is home to many national and international high-tech industries, including IBM, Motorola, Freescale, Lucent, Nortel, Compaq, Celestica, Samsung, Alcatel, Bosch, 3M, Texas Instruments.Fact|date=July 2007.

The automotive industry is also heavily represented: General Motors, Mercedes-Benz, Honda, Magneti Marelli, Eaton Corporation, Tenneco, Toyota and many others are present. Fact|date=July 2007. It also has a sizable pharmaceutical industry sector, with companies like Medley Farma, EMS Farma, Altana, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Cristália, Valeo, etcFact|date=July 2007.

In addition the region is home to many research centers and universities, such as LNLS, CPqD, CenPRA, Embrapa, Unicamp, Facamp and Puccamp. According to the [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/hybrid.asp?typeCode=144 Times Higher Education 2007 World University Rankings] , the University of Campinas (Unicamp) is the 177th best university in the world, and the 2nd best in Latin America (after the University of São Paulo in 176th place).

Campinas also boasts the largest number of high-tech business incubators and industrial parks (a total of eight) Fact|date=July 2007, such as the CIATEC I and II, Softex, TechnoPark, InCamp, Polis, TechTown, Industrial Park of Campinas and others.

According to Wired Magazine, Campinas is one of the highest-growth high-tech areas in Latin America, second only to the city of São Paulo itselfFact|date=July 2007. Since 1995, the city has received over US$ 7 billion in investments in telecommunications, information technology and electronicsFact|date=July 2007. Of the 500 largest companies listed by Fortune magazine, 50 are already established in the Campinas region.Fact|date=July 2007

The presence of one of the largest oil refineries in Latin America (350,824 barrels of crude per day), operated by Petrobras in the neighboring county of Paulínia, has attracted many petrochemical companies to the Campinas area, including DuPont, Rhone-Poulenc, and Royal Dutch Shell.Fact|date=July 2007

The Brazilian Pró-Álcool Program was developed in Campinas: a whole industry based on the use of ethanol as a combustible for motor vehicles, going from a new sucrose-rich sugarcane, to alcohol refineries, a huge distribution system, and, most recently, an internal combustion engine capable of using either gasoline or ethanol. Fact|date=July 2007

Other examples of Campinas-bred technologies are fiber optics, lasers for telecommunications and medical applications, integrated circuits design and fabrication, satellite environmental monitoring of natural resources, software for agriculture, digital telephone switches, deep-water oil exploration platforms and technologies, biomedical equipment, medical software, genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technologies for food production and pharmaceutics, and food engineering.Fact|date=July 2007

ocio-economic conditions

Despite Campinas' position of wealth and social and economic opportunity vis-a-vis the rest of the country, the average per capita income of little more than US$ 2,700 per year clearly indicates that there are problems. If re-evaluated in terms of PPP (Purchasing Power Parity), Campinas' average income looks better (roughly 9,000 USD per year). In fact, Campinas is emblematic of the wealth distribution inequality that is so common in the country (Brazil is the 9th largest economy in the world, but ranks only 32nd in wealth generation per capita, and 117th in average Gini coefficient). Campinas has a Gini coefficient of 58%, which is almost the same as that of Brazil (59.3), a level similar to countries such as Zimbabwe and Paraguay. Such a level means that the top 10% richest make almost 70 times more than the 10% poorest.

This level of poverty contrasts with the high Human Development Index of Campinas, which is about the same level as Chile, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania and Slovakia. The explanation for this apparent contradiction is that side by side, even in the same city section, one can find walled condominiums with a yearly average per capita income of US$ 60,000 to US$ 100,000 and spreading "favelas" (slum cities) with incomes of less than US$ 800 p.a. The classes A and B help move the local economy, and provide a strong tax base for the municipality.

Until the late 1970s, Campinas was proud to have no favelas, but the increasing industrialization and wealth attracted hordes of destitute agrarian workers and urban dwellers with few job qualifications from all parts of the country. Land invasions were frequent and the municipal powers were unable or unwilling to suppress them, allowing illegal occupation of land in key sectors of the city (in Brazil, state and counties are forbidden by the Federal Constitution to restrict or even measure the free movement of citizens).

Due to this, Campinas has relatively high crime rates for its size. Most of the violent crimes (armed robbery and homicides) are related to drug trafficking and occur in the poorer sections of the city.Fact|date=July 2007

Transportation

Campinas is a major transportation and telecommunications hub for the State of São Paulo, as it is located on the major highways that connect the capital to the Northwest and Northern parts of the State. The city is served by the a Campinas Beltway ("Anel Viário") and the following main highways:
* Rodovia Anhangüera
* Rodovia dos Bandeirantes
* Rodovia Santos Dumont
* Rodovia Dom Pedro I
* Rodovia Adhemar de Barros
* Rodovia General Milton Tavares de Souza
* Rodovia Jornalista Francisco Aguirre ProençaAll these highways are built according to the highest international standards (see highway system of São Paulo)Fact|date=July 2007. The Anel Viário José Magalhães Teixeira (SP-038) around the city currently interconnects the Anhangüera and Dom Pedro I highways.

Campinas has long been a major railway hub, too, although passenger train lines no longer operate there.

Its international airport, Viracopos Airport, has long been the State's main air cargo terminal, and its passenger traffic is rapidly expandingFact|date=July 2007.

The city built a light rail line in the early-1990s, but due to low ridership the entire project was abandoned.

Communications

Campinas is a major telecommunications hub in the state and in the countryFact|date=July 2007. It has the largest "per capita" number of fixed and mobile telephone lines in the São Paulo state and one of the largest in the countryFact|date=July 2007. The city is also a major hub for cable, fiber optic, microwave and satellite communication networksFact|date=July 2007. COMSAT operates near Campinas one of the largest satellite ground stations in Latin AmericaFact|date=July 2007, and the National Research and Education Network (Rede Nacional de Pesquisa e Educação) has a high-capacity point of presence (POP) in the city.

Media

Three daily newspapers are published in Campinas, all owned by media company Rede Anhangüera de Comunicação: Correio Popular, Diário do Povo and Notícia Já (a tabloid). Several other local newspapers with weekly or monthly circulation are also published. Several magazines are also published in Campinas, the largest one being "Metrópole", which circulates on Sundays as a supplement to "Correio Popular".

The city has also a large number of radio stations as well as several local TV stations, including "TV Universidades" and "Fenix TV" (both not-for-profit, distributed by Net Campinas, the local cable distributor)

Education

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum.

Universities and Colleges

* Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas);
* Puccamp (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas);
* UNIP (Universidade Paulista);
* FACAMP (Faculdades de Campinas);
* METROCAMP (Faculdade Integrada Metropolitana de Campinas);
* IPEP (Faculdades Integradas IPEP);
* UNISAL (Centro Universitário Salesiano);
* USF (Universidade São Francisco);
* ESAMC (Escola Superior de Administração, Marketing e Comunicação);
* Universidade Mackenzie;
* FAC (Faculdades Comunitárias de Campinas);
* Faculdades Fleming;
* Faculdade de Odontologia São Leopoldo Mandic.

Technical schools

*ETE Bento Quirino (Escola Técnica Estadual Bento Quirino)
*ETECAP (Escola Técnica Estadual Conselheiro Antonio Prado)
*COTUCA (Colégio Técnico da Universidade de Campinas)

Culture

The city has always been a cultural center in the State of São Paulo. This has increased greatly with the proliferation of universities. Campinas has three theater houses, a symphony orchestra,(considered one of the three best of the country),now under Principal Conductor Parcival Módolo and Karl Martin, classical music ensembles, choral groups, 43 movie theaters, dozens of libraries (including a municipal library), art galleries, museums, etc.

ports

Campinas is the home town for two of the oldest and most significant soccer teams of Brazil, the Associação Atlética Ponte Preta (the oldest football team in Brazil, having been founded in 1900) and Guarani Futebol Clube (the only Brazilian countryside team to have won the national championship, in 1978)Fact|date=July 2007. They own two stadiums, the Estádio Brinco de Ouro and the Estádio Moisés Lucarelli, other team is the Campinas Futebol Clube.

Tourism and recreation

The city does not have many tourist spots, since it is not located at the beach or the mountains, and has no remarkable old monument or construction. However it has some nice places to visit such as:
* the Bosque dos Jequitibás, an urban preserved wooded area reminiscent of the original rain forest that covered the region in the past: it has a small zoo with local fauna and a natural history museum
* the Cathedral, which was built in the 19th century; its interior is entirely made of jacaranda wood sculptures and works
* the Central Market, with typical stall stands full of fresh product of the region
* the old Central Railway Station, now converted to a cultural center
* "Centro de Convivência", a cultural complex of theater, an open arena for concerts and spectacles, and a plaza where Campinas Symphony Orchestra often plays to the public
* the "Castelo" (Castle) Water Tower, which provides a beautiful view over the downtown
* the Historical Railway Society of Campinas, which maintains the Anhumas station, a set of steam locomotives and full carriages and which promotes regular trips along a picturesque region dotted with old coffee farms
* the Lagoa do Taquaral Park, a much-beloved urban lagoon and adjacent wooded park, includes: a planetarium, a science museum, an indoor sports stadium and swimming pool, kart racing and model airplane areas, an open concert auditorium, a floating caravel replica, a small railway train ride, pedal boats, plus facilities for several types of sports, including a long track for running and walking.Campinas' readers of the Correio Popular Newspaper and the Cosmo Website have voted in July 2007 for the "Seven Wonders of Campinas" [http://www.cosmo.com.br/campinas/resultadofinal.php] .

The mountain region around Campinas has better travel and stay opportunities, such as in the spa cities of Serra Negra and Águas de Lindóia; and in Holambra, a rural region which was populated by immigrants from the Netherlands, with an annual flower festival and typical buildings and restaurants.

Administration

Campinas has an annual municipal budget of over US$ 500 million dollars, one of the highest in BrazilFact|date=July 2007. The current mayor is Hélio de Oliveira Santos, a physician, former professor of pediatric surgery at the UNICAMP Medical School and federal congressman, who was elected by a coalition of several political parties, led by the Partido Democrático Trabalhista. His term runs from Jan. 1, 2005 to Dec. 31, 2008.

The municipality is subdivided into one main district and four subdistricts, Joaquim Egídio, Sousas, Barão Geraldo and Nova Aparecida. There are also 14 regional administrations.

Notable mayors

* Orozimbo Maia - 1904, 1908-1910, 1926-1930
* Ruy Hellmeister Novais - 1956-1959, 1964-1969
* Orestes Quércia - 1969-1972
* José Roberto Magalhães Teixeira - 1983-1988, 1993-1996 (died of cancer while in office)
* Francisco Amaral - 1977-1982, 1997-2001
* Antonio da Costa Santos ("Toninho") - 2001 (murdered while in office)
* Izalene Tiene - 2001-2005
* Hélio de Oliveira Santos ("Dr.Hélio") - 2005-present

Notable people from Campinas

* Campos Sales - politician, fourth president of Brazil
* Carlos Gomes - opera composer
* Durval de Lima Junior - musician and actor
* Maitê Proença - actress
* Nelsinho Baptista - soccer player
* Olavo de Carvalho - philosopher and writer
* Sandy Leah Lima - singer and actress
* Lovefoxxx - singer of the New Wave band Cansei de Ser Sexy

The Secretariat of International Cooperation of Campinas

[http://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/cooperacao/ingles/] The Secretariat of International Cooperation (SMCI) was created in April 28th 1994. It is one of the 18 Secretariats of the City Hall of Campinas and it is currently located in that building.

Its mains goals are:
* the attraction and facilititaion for the arrival of new investments to the city
* the expansion of the companies activities that are already established in the city
* the perpetuation of the relations between the city, its international community and partners, such as the Sister-Cities

The Secretariat also acts as supporter to other secretariats in the City Hall, often through: the identification of national and foreign potentials investors; keeping systematic contacts with executives in Brazil and abroad, Embassies, Chambers of Commerces and relevant International Organizations; presenting Campinas to the cities and interested investors.

City twinning

Campinas is officially twinned (sister city) with the following cities [cite web|url=http://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/noticias/?not_id=1&sec_id=&link_rss=http://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/admin/ler_noticia.php?not_id=12940 | title=Malito torna-se cidade-irmã de Campinas | work=www.campinas.sp.gov.br] :

Campinas and the following cities have agreed upon sisterhood Protocol of Intentions:
* Turin, Italy;
* Fushun, China;
* Jingan, China;
* Bissau, Guinea-Bissau;
* Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolívia;

Footnotes

External links

* [http://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/ Official home page] (in Portuguese).
* [http://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/cooperacao/ingles/ Secretariat of International Cooperation official home page]
* [http://www.webbusca.com.br/pagam_campinas.htm Campinas Yellow Pages] (in Portuguese).
* [http://www.ciatec.org.br/secoop/fotos.htm Photo album] .
* [http://www.cosmo.com.br/campinas/resultadofinal.php The Seven Wonders of Campinas] (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.campinas.com Campinas Business Directory] (in Portuguese).
* [http://www.solbrilhando.com.br/_Campinas/_Seg_Cidade/Regiao_M_01.htm Campinas' Region] (In Portuguese)
* [http://www.tpcampinas.org.br/ Trade Point Campinas] (export/import info).
* [http://www.amcham.com.br/english/units/campinas/ Campinas American Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=456 Current local time] .
* [http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/local/BRXX0050?whatprefs=&y=9&x=14 Current weather] .
* [http://www.ase.net/servlet/SearchHotel/702/-22.9/-47.0833/Campinas Hotel information] .
* [http://www.cpopular.com.br Correio Popular] newspaper site.
* [http://www.diariodopovo.com.br Diário do Povo] newspaper site.
* [http://www.edumed.net/videoconferencia Campinas Videoconference Center]
* [http://campinas-regiao.cosmo.com.br/ingles/index/index.html Campinas Convention and Visitors Bureau]
* [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.07/silicon.html?pg=9 Campinas' Wired magazine story] , July 2000.

* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/BR/5/Campinas.html FallingRain Map - elevation = 919m (Red dots are railways)]