History of Szczecin

History of Szczecin ( _de. Stettin) in Poland.

Prehistoric stronghold

A stronghold of the Lusatian culture in the early Iron Age period. Tacitus located the East Germanic tribe of the Rugians in the area around Szczecin, as did modern historians. The Rugians left during the Great Migrations in the 5th century AD.

lavonic stronghold (~800-1164/81)

Another stronghold was built in the 8th century-first half of the 9th century at the ford of the Oder River, (at the same location where later was a ducal castle) and a few craftsmen, fishermen and traders settled in the vicinity.

Later, the place was the main centre of a small Western Slavic tribe living in the fork of the Oder between the main branch and the Randow River. It is not certain if this tribe belonged to the Pomeranians who lived on the right bank of the Oder, or to the Polabians or Veleti who lived on the left bank of the Oder. It is also possible that Stetinum was controlled in some manner by both tribes.Fact|date=February 2007 It is very likely that Mieszko I of Poland, who conquered Pomerania in the years 967–972, also took control of Stetinum and Wolin.Fact|date=February 2007 Piast rule in Stetinum was overthrown by a pagan rebellion around 1005. For most of this time, the Pomeranians kept their pagan Baltic faith. Several Triglav temples existed nearby.

After the decline of Wolin in the 12th century, Stetinum became one of the most important and powerful cities of the Baltic Sea south coasts, having some 5,000 inhabitants. In a winter campaign of 1121–1122, Stetinum was subjugated by Boleslaus III of Poland, who invited the Catholic bishop Otto of Bamberg to baptize the citizens (1124). In this time, Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania is recorded to be the local duke. Wartislaw managed to expand his duchy westward, thereby forming the territorial body of the later Duchy of Pomerania, and organized the second visit of Otto in 1128. At this time the first Christian church of St. Peter and Paul was erected. The duchy was for the centuries being ruled by the "Griffins" dynasty (House of Pomerania), of which Wartislaw I is the first definite ancestor. Stettin was made the capital of the duchy and did not lose this status even during the partitions of Pomerania, when Pomerania-Stettin comprised large portions of the duchy and always was seat of Pomeranian dukes. As a result, Stettin was chosen to stay capital even in the Prussian Province of Pomerania set up after the 1637 death of the last Pomeranian duke.

Trading city and ducal capital in the Holy Roman Empire (1164/81-1630)

In the second half of the 12th century, a group of German tradesmen (from various parts of the Holy Roman Empire) settled in the city around St. Jacob's Church, which was founded by Beringer, a trader from Bamberg, and consecrated in 1187. After the 1164 Verchen battle, Stettin dukes joined in to Saxony and in 1181 Stettin became part of the Holy Roman Empire. For centuries the dukes invited West and Central German settlers to colonize Pomeranian wastelands and to found towns and villages ("see Ostsiedlung"). Duke Barnim of Pomerania granted a local government charter to this community in 1237, separating the Germans from the Slavic majority community settled around the St. Nicholas Church (in the neighborhoods of Chyzin, Uber-Wiken, and Unter-Wiken). Barnim granted Stettin Magdeburg rights in 1243. Around that time the major ethnic group of the city had become German, while the Slavic population decreased.

Stettin joined the Hanseatic League in 1278. By the 1630s the city and surrounding area that hadn't been already German had become completely Germanized.

In the years 1295–1464 Stettin was the capital of a splinter Pomeranian realm known as the Duchy of Stettin. (Its Dukes were Otto I, Barnim III the Great, Casimir III, Swantibor I, Boguslaw VII, Otto II, Casimir V, Joachim I the Younger, Otto III.)

In the 13th and 14th centuries the town became the main Pomeranian centre of trade in grains, salt and herrings, receiving various trading privileges from their dukes (known as emporium rights). It was granted special rights and trading posts in Denmark, and belonged to the Hanseatic trading cities union. In 1390 trade privileges were granted to Stettin by the Polish king Ladislaus Jagiello who established new trade routes from Poland to the Pomeranian ports. In the 14th and 15th centuries, Stettin conducted several trade wars with the neighboring cities of Gartz, Gryfino and Stargard Szczecinski over a monopoly on grains export. The grain supplying area was not only Pomerania but also Brandenburg and Greater Poland — trade routes along the Oder and Warta rivers. The 16th century saw the decline of the city's trading position because of the competition of the nobility, as well as church institutions in the grains exports, a customs war with Frankfurt (Oder), and the fall of the herring market. Social and religious riots marked the introduction of the Protestant Reformation in 1534.

Under Swedish rule within the Holy Roman Empire (1630-1720)

During the Thirty-Years War, Stettin refused to accept German imperial armies, and in 1630 was taken over and fortified by Sweden. After the death of the last Pomeranian duke, Boguslaw XIV, Stettin was awarded to Sweden with the western part of the duchy in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), but remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. The King of Sweden became Duke of Pomerania and as such held a seat in the German imperial diet (the Reichstag). The city was cut off from its main trading area, and was besieged in several wars with Brandenburg which shattered the city's economy, which fell in prolonged economic decline.Fact|date=May 2007

Major Prussian-German port (1720-1918)

In 1713, Stettin was occupied by the Kingdom of Prussia; the Prussian Army entered the city as neutrals to watch the ceasefire and refused to leave. In 1720 the city was officially awarded by Sweden to Prussia. In the following years Stettin became the capital of the Prussian Province of Pomerania, and the main port of the Prussian state. From 1740 onwards, the Oder waterway to the Baltic Sea and the new Pomeranian port of Swinemünde (Świnoujście) were constructed.

In the following years, large groups of French Huguenots settled in Stettin, bringing new developments into the city crafts and factories. The population increased from 6000 in 1720 to 21,000 in 1816, and 58,000 in 1861. The 19th century was an age of large territorial expansion for the city, especially after 1873, when the old fortress was abolished. In 1821, the crafts corporations were abolished, and in steam transport on the Oder began, allowing further development of trade. The port was developing quickly, specialising in exports of agricultural products and coal from the Province of Silesia. Economic development and rapid population growth brought many ethnic Poles from Pomerania and Greater PolandFact|date=May 2008, looking for new career opportunities in the Stettin industry. More than 95% of the population consisted of Germans.

In 1843, Stettin was connected by the first railway line to the Prussian capital Berlin, and in 1848 by the second railway to Posen (Poznań). New branches of industry were developed, including shipbuilding (at the AG Vulcan Stettin and Oderwerke shipyards) and ironworks using Swedish ores. The population grew to 236,000 in 1910 and 382,000 in 1939.

Provincial city during the Weimar Republic (1918-1933)

After World War I, the economy of Stettin declined again because the seaport was separated from its natural agricultural supply areas in Posen with the creation of the Second Polish Republic.

In the Third Reich (1933-1945)

Many of the few local PolesFact|date=June 2008 fled Stettin during the Nazi period, especially when the Nazi persecution against the Polish minority organizations began. However, a small Polish community remainedFact|date=June 2008 , and Polish organizations like the Polish Union in Germany ("Związek Polaków w Niemczech") and Polish scouts were activeFact|date=June 2008 in Stettin till the outbreak of World War II in 1939; the Polish minority's activists were arrested, murdered, or sent to concentration camps and had their property confiscated.

During World War II, Stettin was a major centre of weapons industry (including the car production Stoewer). 65% of Stettin's buildings and almost all of the city centre, seaport, and industry were destroyed during the Allied air raids in 1944, and heavy fighting between the German and Soviet armies (26 April 1945).

Taking over by Polish People's Republic

After WWII, the Allies moved the Polish-German border to the west of the Oder-Neisse line. Most of Pomerania, including Stettin and the Oder mouth, was eventually given to Poland. The German inhabitants of Stettin first fled from the city and it was virtually deserted after being captured by Soviet army on April 26, 1945.

On April 28, 1945 Piotr Zaremba nominated by Polish authorities as major of Szczecin and Pomerania came to the city. On April 30, 1945 the deserted city was declared part of Poland. Soon Polish authorities had to move to the eastern part of the city, while part of German population returned, as it was undecided if the city would be in Poland, or in the Soviet occupation zone in Germany. Eventually Szczecin was handed over to Polish authorities on July 5, 1945.

The number of inhabitants:

1939: 382,000 - 1945: 260,000 (German population expelled, war losses) - 1950: 180,000.

Polish authorities were led by Piotr Zaremba. Many Germans had to work in the Soviet military bases that were outside Polish jurisdiction. In the 1950s most of Stettin's inhabitants were expelled from the city, although there was a significant German minority for the next 10 years.

Voivodeship capital in Poland (after 1945)

In 1945 there was already a small Polish community consisting of the few Stettin citizens from before of WWII and the Polish enforced workers during WWII, who survived the war. The city was settled with the new inhabitants from every region of Poland, mainly from Pomerania (Bydgoszcz Voivodeship) and Greater Poland (Poznań Voivodeship), but also including those who lost their homes in the eastern Polish territories that were given to the Soviet Union, especially the city of Wilno. This settlement process was coordinated by the city of Poznań and Stettin was renamed Szczecin.

Old and new settlers did a great effort to raise the Szczecin from ruins, rebuild, reconstruct and extend the city's industry, residential areas but also the cultural heritage (e.g the Pomeranian Dukes' Castle in Szczecin), and it was still harder to do this under the communist regime. Szczecin became a major industrial centre of and a principal seaport not only for Poland (especially the Silesian coal) but also for Czechoslovakia and East Germany.

Szczecin together with Gdańsk (Danzig), Gdynia and Upper Silesia was the main centre of the democratic anti-communist movements in first in March 1968 and December 1970. The protesters attacked and burned the communist party (PZPR) regional headquarters and the Soviet consulate in Szczecin. The bloody riots were pacified by the secret police and the armed forces; see: Coastal cities events. After 10 years in August 1980 the protesters locked themselves in their factories to avoid the bloody riots. The strike was led by Marian Jurczyk, leader of the Szczecin Shipyard workers and it proved successful with the outbreak of the Solidarity movement.

From 1946 to 1998 Szczecin was the capital of the Szczecin Voivodeship, but the region's boundaries were redrawn in the administrative reorganizations in 1950 and 1975. Boundaries of the Szczecin City were extended by joining with Dąbie in 1948. Since 1999 it is the capital of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Communist-dominated municipal administration was replaced by a genuine local government in 1990, and the direct election of the city president (mayor) was introduced in 2006 with Piotr Krzystek being the second one such elected.

Historical population

12th century: 5,000 inhabitants
1720: 6,000 inhabitants
1740: 12,300 inhabitants
1816: 21,500 inhabitants
1843: 37,100 inhabitants
1861: 58,500 inhabitants
1872: 76,000 inhabitants
1890: 116,228 inhabitants
1910: 236,000 inhabitants
1939: 382,000 inhabitants
1945: 260,000 inhabitants (German population expelled, war losses.)
1960: 269,400 inhabitants
1970: 338,000 inhabitants
1975: 369,700 inhabitants
1980: 388,300 inhabitants
1990: 412,600 inhabitantes
2000: 415,748 inhabitants
2002: 415,117 inhabitants
2003: 414,032 inhabitants
2004: 411,900 inhabitants
2005: 411,119 inhabitants
2006: 416,119 inhabitants