Dysentery

Dysentery

ICD-10	A03.9, A06.0, A07.9
ICD-9	004, 007.9, 009.0
MeSH	D004403

Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an inflammatory disorder of the intestine, especially of the colon, that results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and/or blood in the feces^[1] with fever and abdominal pain.^[2] If left untreated, dysentery can be fatal.

There are differences between dysentery and normal bloody diarrhea. While diarrhea caused by dysentery is typically of small volume, very bloody, and containing many PMNs and RBCs; normal bloody diarrhea is more watery and may not contain any PMNs or mucus.^{[citation needed]}

Signs and symptoms

In developed countries, dysentery is, in general, a mild illness, causing mild symptoms normally consisting of mild stomach pains and frequent passage of feces. Symptoms normally present themselves after one to three days and are usually no longer present after a week. The frequency of urges to defecate, the volume of feces passed, and the presence of mucus and/or blood depend on the pathogen that is causing the disease. Temporary lactose intolerance can occur, which, in the most severe cases, can last for years. In some caustic occasions, vomiting of blood, severe abdominal pain, fever, shock, and delirium can all be symptoms.^[3][4][5][6]

Mechanism

Dysentery results from viral, bacterial, or protozoan infections or parasitic infestations, and, occasionally, chemical exposure. These pathogens typically reach the large intestine after entering orally, through ingestion of contaminated food or water, oral contact with contaminated objects or hands, and so on.

Each specific pathogen has its own mechanism or pathogenesis, but in general the result is damage to the intestinal lining, leading to the inflammatory immune response. This can cause elevated temperature, painful spasms of the intestinal muscles (cramping), swelling due to water leaking from capillaries of the intestine (edema), and further tissue damage by the body's immune cells and the chemicals, called cytokines, they release to fight the infection. The result can be impaired nutrient absorption, excessive water and mineral loss through the stools due to breakdown of the control mechanisms in the intestinal tissue that normally remove water from the stools, and in severe cases the entry of pathogenic organisms into the bloodstream.

Some microorganisms – for example, bacteria of the genus Shigella – secrete substances known as cytotoxins, which kill and damage intestinal tissue on contact. Viruses directly attack the intestinal cells, taking over their metabolic machinery to make copies of themselves, which leads to cell death.

Definitions of dysentery can vary by region and by medical specialty. The U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) limits its definition to "diarrhea with visible blood."^[7] Others define the term more broadly.^[8] These differences in definition must be taken into account when defining mechanisms. For example, using the CDC definition requires that intestinal tissue be so severely damaged that blood vessels have ruptured, allowing visible quantities of blood to be lost with defecation. Other definitions require less specific damage.

Amoebic dysentery

Main article: Amoebic dysentery

Dysentery may be caused by amoebiasis, an infection by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica,^[9] and is then known as amoebic dysentery.^[10] Proper treatment of the underlying infection of amoebic dysentery is important; insufficiently treated amoebiasis can lie dormant for years and then lead to severe, potentially fatal, complications.

Bacillary dysentery

Main article: Shigellosis

Severe dysentery may also be caused by shigellosis, an infection by bacteria of the genus Shigella,^[11] and is then known as bacillary disentery (or Marlow Syndrome).

Diagnosis

A clinical diagnosis may be made by taking a history and doing a brief examination. Treatment is usually started without or before confirmation by laboratory analysis.

Medical history

Exposed individuals may experience either mild, severe, or even no symptoms at all. In extreme cases dysentery patients may pass over a litre of fluid an hour. More often, individuals will complain of nausea, abdominal pain, and frequent watery and usually foul-smelling diarrhea accompanied by mucus and blood, rectal pain, and fever. Vomiting, rapid weight loss, and generalized muscle aches sometimes also accompany dysentery. In rare occasions, the amebic parasite will invade the body through the bloodstream and spread beyond the intestines. In such cases, it may more seriously infect other organs such as the brain, lungs, and the liver.^[12]

Physical exam

The mouth, skin, and lips may appear dry due to dehydration. Lower abdominal tenderness may also be present.^[12]

Stool and blood tests

Cultures of stool samples are examined in order to identify the organism causing dysentery. Usually, several samples must be obtained due to the changing number of amoeba, which changes daily.^[12]

Blood tests can be used to measure abnormalities in the levels of essential minerals and salts.^[12]

Prevention

To reduce the risk of contracting dysentery the following precautions are suggested:^[13]

• Washing one's hands after using the toilet, after contact with an infected person, and regularly throughout the day.
• Washing one's hands before handling, cooking and eating food, handling babies, and feeding young or elderly people.
• Keeping contact with someone known to have dysentery to a minimum.
• Washing laundry on the hottest setting possible.
• Avoiding sharing items such as towels and face cloths.

Treatment

Dysentery is initially managed by maintaining fluid intake using oral rehydration therapy. If this treatment cannot be adequately maintained due to vomiting or the profuseness of diarrhea, hospital admission may be required for intravenous fluid replacement. In ideal situations, no antimicrobial therapy should be administered until microbiological microscopy and culture studies have established the specific infection involved. When laboratory services are not available, it may be necessary to administer a combination of drugs, including an amoebicidal drug to kill the parasite and an antibiotic to treat any associated bacterial infection.

If shigella is suspected and it is not too severe, the doctor may recommend letting it run its course — usually less than a week. The patient will be advised to replace fluids lost through diarrhea. If the shigella is severe, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or TMP-SMX (Bactrim). However, many strains of shigella are becoming resistant to common antibiotics, and effective medications are often in short supply in developing countries. If necessary, a doctor may have to reserve antibiotics for those at highest risk for death, including young children, people over 50, and anyone suffering from dehydration or malnutrition.

Amoebic dysentery usually calls for a two-pronged attack. Treatment should start with a 10-day course of the antimicrobial drug metronidazole (Flagyl). To finish off the parasite, the doctor will sometimes prescribe a course of diloxanide furoate (available only through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), paromomycin (Humatin), or iodoquinol (Yodoxin).

The bark of the kapok tree has been used in the traditional medicine of the Mayan culture to cure this disease.^{[citation needed]}

Prognosis

With correct treatment, most cases of amoebic and bacterial dysentery subside within 10 days, and most individuals will achieve a full recovery within 2 to 4 weeks after beginning proper treatment. If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease. Extreme dehydration can prolong recovery and significantly raises the risk for serious complications.^[14]

Epidemiology

The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 80 million cases of Shigellosis are contracted annually, with 700,000 of these resulting in death. Amebiasis is infecting over 50 million people each year, killing about 50,000.^[15]

In history

• 1085 – The Duke of Apulia Robert Guiscard died of 'hot flux' in the summer of 1085, ending the Norman invasion of Byzantium and causing a civil war between his two sons Bohemond and Roger Borsa for the inheritance of the duchy.
• 1191 – Philip II of France became severely ill with dysentery during the Third Crusade at the Siege of Acre in 1191 and, in part, as a result, returned to France and left Richard I of England in charge.
• 1216 – King John of England died of dysentery at Newark Castle on 18 October 1216.^[16]
• 1596 – Sir Francis Drake died of dysentery in January 1596,^[17] after unsuccessfully attacking San Juan, Puerto Rico.
• 19th century – As late as the nineteenth century, the 'bloody flux,' it is estimated, killed more soldiers and sailors than did combat.^[18] Typhus and dysentery decimated Napoleon's Grande Armée in Russia. More than 80,000 Union troops died of dysentery during the American Civil War.^[19]
• 1896 – Phan Dinh Phung, a Vietnamese revolutionary who led rebel armies against French colonial forces in Vietnam, died of dysentery as the French surrounded his forces on January 21, 1896.^[20]
• 1930 – The French explorer and writer, Michel Vieuchange, died of dysentery in Agadir on 30 November 1930, on his return from the "forbidden city" of Smara. He was nursed by his brother, Doctor Jean Vieuchange, who was unable to save him. The notebooks and photographs, edited by Jean Vieuchange, went on to become bestsellers.^[21][22]
• 1942 – The Selarang Barracks Incident in the summer of 1942 during the Second World War involved the forced crowding of 17,000 Anglo-Australian prisoners-of-war (POWs) in the areas around the barracks square for nearly five days with little water and no sanitation after the Selarang Barracks POWs refused to sign a pledge not to escape. The incident ended with the capitulation of the Australian commanders due to the spreading of dysentry among their men.^[23]

References

Notes

1. ^ "dysentery" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
2. ^ Traveller's Diarrhea: Dysentery ISBN 0-86318-864-8 p. 214
3. ^ DuPont HL (1978). "Interventions in diarrheas of infants and young children". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 173 (5 Pt 2): 649–53. PMID 359524. 
4. ^ DeWitt TG (1989). "Acute diarrhoea in children". Pediatr Rev 11 (1): 6–13. doi:10.1542/pir.11-1-6. PMID 2664748. 
5. ^ "Dysentery symptoms". National Health Service. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dysentery/Pages/Symptoms.aspx. Retrieved 2010-01-22. 
6. ^ "Bacillary dysentery". Dorlands Medical Dictionary. http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000033014.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-22. 
7. ^ http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/cholera/complete.pdf
8. ^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dysentery
9. ^ WHO (1969). "Amoebiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee". WHO Technical Report Series 421: 1–52. PMID 4978968. 
10. ^ MeSH Amebic+Dysentery
11. ^ WHO. Diarrhoeal Diseases – Shigellosis.
12. ^ ^{a b c d} mdguidelines.com. "Dysentery-Diagnosis". http://www.mdguidelines.com/dysentery/diagnosis. Retrieved 2010-11-17. 
13. ^ Hicks, Rob (January 2008). "BBC - Health: Dysentery". British Broadcasting Company. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/dysentery1.shtml#how_can_it_be_prevented. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
14. ^ mdguidelines.com. "Dysentery-Prognosis". http://www.mdguidelines.com/dysentery/prognosis. Retrieved 2010-11-17. 
15. ^ Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M. ABC-CLIO. pp. 175–176. ISBN 0313341028. http://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA175&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
16. ^ Warren, W. Lewis. (1991) King John. London: Methuen. ISBN 0413455203. p.253
17. ^ According to the English calendar then in use, Drake's date of death was 27 January 1595, as the new year began on 25 March.
18. ^ "Dysentery". Free Online Medical Dictionary.
19. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 189. ISBN 1851099514. 
20. ^ Marr, David G. (1970). Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925. Berkeley, California: University of California. ISBN 0-520-01813-3. 
21. ^ Meaux, Antoine de (2004) (in French). L'ultime désert: vie et mort de Michel Vieuchange. Paris: Phébus. pp. 29, 245–249 & 253. ISBN 978-2859409975. 
22. ^ Vieuchange, Michel (1988) [1932]. Smara: The Forbidden City. Fletcher Allen, Edgar (translation); Vieuchange, Jean (editor; introduction, notes, postscript); Claudel, Paul (preface). (Reprinted ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN 978-0880011464. 
23. ^ Thompson, Peter (2005). The Battle For Singapore—The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II. United Kingdom: Portraits Books. pp. 389–390. ISBN 0-7499-5085-4.