Seikilos epitaph

The Seikilos epitaph is the oldest surviving example of a complete musical composition, including musical notation, from anywhere in the world. The song, the melody of which is recorded, alongside its lyrics, in the ancient Greek musical notation, was found engraved on a tombstone, near Aidin, Turkey (not far from Ephesus). The find has been dated variously from around 200 BC to around AD 100.

Also on the tombstone is an indication that states: :" I am a tombstone, an icon. Seikilos placed me here as an everlasting sign of deathless remembrance.

While older music with notation exists (for example the Delphic Hymns), all of it is in fragments; the Seikilos epitaph is unique in that it is a complete, though short, composition.

The tune

Above the lyrics (transcribed here in modern Greek font) is a line with letters and signs for the tune:

Translated into modern musical notation, the tune is something like this:

Sung accompanied by instrument Audio|Seikilos.midi|voice

The following is a transliteration of the words which are sung to the melody, and an English translation:

:"Hoson zēs, phainou:"Mēden holōs sy lypou;:"Pros oligon esti to zēn:"To telos ho chronos apaitei"

:While you live, shine:Don't suffer anything at all;:Life exists only a short while:And time demands its toll.

Older musical compositions

There is a tradition of music notation older than the Greek system. A corpus of music fragments recorded on cuneiform tablets goes back to about 2000 B.C. See ancient music.

Some scholars believe that an extant corpus of Chinese music, first recorded in the Tang dynasty (618-907 AD), predates this work as well as the earlier fragments of Greek music. This is based on the conjecture that because the recorded examples of Chinese music are ceremonial, and the ceremonies in which they were employed are thought to have existed "perhaps more than one thousand years before Christ" (J. A. Van Aalst), the musical compositions themselves were performed, even in 1000 BC, in precisely the manner prescribed by the sources that were written down in the seventh century AD. (It is based on this conjecture that Van Aalst dates the "Entrance Hymn for the Emperor" to c. 1000 BC.) Even allowing for the hypothesis that the Emperor's court musicians transmitted these melodies with complete fidelity over sixteen centuries, there is no material evidence to date the composition, or any other piece of Chinese music, to earlier than the Tang dynasty (Pan). This leaves the Epitaph of Seikilos the oldest complete musical composition that can be reliably dated.

References

* "Historical Anthology of Music". Two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1949. ISBN 0-674-39300-7
* "Chinese Music". J.A. van Aalst, 1884, 1933.
* "Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians". London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
* "China". Rulan Chao Pan, 1980.
* "Norton Anthology of Western Music: Ancient to Baroque". Volume one. New York, New York, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2006. ISBN 0-393-97990-3
* "Epitaph of Seikilos". C. V. Palisca, J. P Burkholder, 2006.

See also

* Skolion

External links

* http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=7KRnAKzFMhk This is a video link to a performance of the "Song of Seikilos" on solo lyre, by Michael Levy. The lyre used here, closely resembles the ancient Greek "Kithara" - the large wooden lyre, favoured by the professional musicians of ancient Greece.
* http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_94QbWV440 This is a video link to a performance of the "Song of Seikilos" on solo lyre, by Michael Levy. The lyre played here, closely resembles the ancient Greek "Lyra" - the lyre with a soundboard of taut leather stretched over a tortoise shell resonator.
* [http://www.thesession.org/tunes/display/5696/comments "Skolion of Seikilos", "The Session."]
* [http://www.biblicalulpan.org/Sound_files/SEIKILOU_WDH_2006.mp3 MP3 recording of the Seikilos song.]