Venera

The Venera ( _ru. Венера) series of probes was developed by the USSR between 1961 and 1984 to gather data from Venus. As with some of the USSR's other planetary probes, the later versions were launched in pairs with a second vehicle being launched soon (a week or two) after the first of the pair.

Ten probes from the Venera series successfully landed on Venus and transmitted data from the surface, including the two Vega program (Venera-Halley) probes. In addition, thirteen Venera probes successfully transmitted data from the atmosphere of Venus (along with two Vega balloon probes).

Among the other results, probes of the series became the first man-made devices to enter the atmosphere of another planet (Venera 4 on October 18 1967), to make a soft landing on another planet (Venera 7 on December 15, 1970), to return images from the planetary surface (Venera 9 on June 8, 1975) and to perform high-resolution radar mapping studies of Venus (Venera 15 on June 2, 1983). So, the entire series could be considered as highly successful. Unfortunately, while Venus' orbit is closer to Earth than Mars, its surface conditions were far more extreme, which meant that the probes did not survive more than about an hour.

Venera is the Russian name for Venus.

The Venera probes

Venera 3 to 6

The Venera 3 to 6 probes were similar. Weighing approximately one ton, and launched by the Molniya -type booster rocket, they included a cruise "bus" and a spherical atmospheric entry probe. The probes were optimised for atmospheric measurements, but not equipped with any special landing apparatus. Although it was hoped they would reach the surface still functioning, the first probes failed almost immediately, thereby disabling data transmission to Earth.

Venera 3 became the first manmade object to impact another planet's surface as it crash-landed on March 1, 1966. However, as the spacecraft's dataprobes had failed upon atmospheric penetration, no data from within the Venusian boundary was retrieved from the mission.

On October 18 1967, Venera 4 became the first spacecraft to measure the atmosphere of another planet. While the Soviet Union initially claimed the craft reached the surface intact, re-analysis including atmospheric occultation data from the American Mariner 5 spacecraft that flew by Venus the day after its arrival demonstrated that Venus's surface pressure was 75-100 atmospheres, much higher than its 25 atm hull strength, and the claim was retracted.

Realizing the ships would be crushed before reaching the surface, the Soviets launched Venera 5 and Venera 6 as atmospheric probes. Designed to jettison nearly half their payload prior to entering the planet's atmosphere, these craft recorded 53 and 51 minutes of data, respectively, before their batteries failed.

Venera 7

The Venera 7 probe was the first one designed to survive Venus surface conditions and to make a soft landing. Massively overbuilt to ensure survival, it had few experiments on board, and scientific output from the mission was further limited due to an internal switchboard failure which stuck in the "transmit temperature" position. Still, the control scientists succeeded in extrapolating the pressure (90 atm) from the temperature data (convert|465|°C) , which resulted from the first direct surface measurements. The Doppler measurements of the Venera 4 to 7 probes were the first evidence of the existence of high-speed zonal winds (up to convert|100|m/s) in the Venus atmosphere (super rotation).

Venera 7's parachute failed shortly before landing, fortunately very close to the surface. It impacted at convert|17|m/s and toppled over, but survived. Due to the resultant antenna misalignment, the radio signal was very weak, but was detected (with temperature telemetry) for 23 more minutes before its batteries expired. Thus, it became, on 15 December 1970, the first man-made probe to transmit data from the surface of another planet.

Venera 8

Venera 8 was equipped with an extended set of scientific instruments for studying the surface (gamma-spectrometer etc.). The cruise bus of Venera 7 and 8 was similar to that of earlier ones, with the design ascending to the Zond 3 mission.

Venera 9 to 12

The Venera 9 to 12 probes were of a different design. They weighed approximately five tons and were launched by the powerful Proton booster. They included a transfer and relay bus that had engines to brake into Venus orbit (Venera 9 and 10, 15 and 16) and to serve as receiver and relay for the entry probe's transmissions. The entry probe was attached to the top of the bus in a spherical heat shield. The probes were optimized for surface operations with an unusual looking design that included a spherical compartment to protect the electronics from atmospheric pressure and heat for as long as possible. Beneath this was a shock absorbing "crush ring" for landing. Above the pressure sphere was a cylindrical antenna structure and a wide dish shaped structure that resembled an antenna but was actually an aerobrake. They were designed to operate on the surface for a minimum of 30 minutes. Instruments varied on different missions, but included cameras and atmospheric and soil analysis equipment.

Venera 13 and 14

Venera 13 and Venera 14 were identical spacecraft built to take advantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5 days apart in late 1981. Each mission consisted of a bus and an attached descent craft. The journey to Venus took a little over 4 months, at the end of which, in early March 1982, the descent vehicle separated from the bus and plunged into the Venus atmosphere.

The descent craft/lander contained most of the instrumentation and electronics, and was topped by an antenna. The design was similar to the earlier Venera 9–12 landers. They carried instruments to take scientific measurements of the ground and atmosphere once landed, including cameras, a drill and surface sampler, and a seismometer. They also has instruments to record electric discharges during its descent phase through the Venusian atmosphere.

The two descent craft landed about convert|950|km apart, just east of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as Phoebe Regio. The Venera 13 lander survived for 127 minutes, and the Venera 14 lander for 57 minutes, where the planned design life was only 32 minutes. The descent vehicles transmitted data to the buses, which acted as a data relays as they flew by Venus.

Veneras 15 and 16

Venera 15 and 16 were similar to previous probes, but replaced the entry probes with surface imaging radar equipment. Radar imaging was necessary to penetrate the dense cloud of Venus.

Vega probes

The Vega probes to Venus and comet Halley launched in 1985 also used this basic Venera design, including landers but also atmospheric balloons which relayed data for about two days.

cientific findings

There were many scientific findings about Venus from the data retrieved by the Venera probes. For example, after analyzing the radar images returned from Venera 15 and 16, it was concluded that the ridges and grooves on the surface of Venus were the result of tectonic deformations. [cite web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JGR....91..399B|title=Styles of tectonic deformations of Venus - Analysis of Venera 15 and 16 data (abstract only)|publisher=Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. 91, March 30, 1986, p. D399-D411]

Venera camera failures and success

The Venera 9 and 10 landers had two cameras each. Only one functioned because the lens covers failed to separate from the second camera on each lander. The design was changed for Venera 11 and 12, but this made the problem worse and all cameras failed on those missions. Venera 13 and 14 were the only landers on which all cameras worked properly; although unfortunately, the lens cap on Venera 14 landed exactly in the way of the soil compression probe.

The external link at the bottom of the page shows all lander imagery.

Flight data for all Venera missions

ee also

*Pioneer Venus
*Vega program
*Vega 1
*Vega 2
*Astron (spacecraft) – a space observatory derived from the Venera bus
*Venera-D – First post-Soviet Venus probe (to be launched in 2013)

References

External links

* [http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venus.htm The Soviet Exploration of Venus]
* [http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm Catalog of Soviet Venus images]
* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera Venera Program Page] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
* [http://www.strykfoto.org/venera.htm Venera 9, 10, 13, and 14 images of the surface of Venus]
* [ftp://ftp.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/ejasa/1993/jasa9302.txt The Soviets and Venus, Part 1 of 3, by Larry Klaes]
* [ftp://ftp.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/ejasa/1993/jasa9303.txt The Soviets and Venus, Part 2 of 3, by Larry Klaes]
* [ftp://ftp.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/ejasa/1993/jasa9304.txt The Soviets and Venus, Part 3 of 3, by Larry Klaes]