Laurent Nkunda

Laurent Nkunda
Laurent Nkunda
Born 2 February 1967 (1967-02-02) (age 44)
Allegiance Democratic Republic of the Congo
Service/branch DRC Army
Years of service 1994–2004
Rank General
Battles/wars Rwandan Genocide (1994–1995); First Congo War (1997–1998); Second Congo War (2000–2003); Kivu conflict (2007); Nord-Kivu War (2008)

Laurent Nkunda (born February 2, 1967) or Laurent Nkundabatware, or Laurent Nkunda Batware, or as he prefers to be called The Chairman — is a former General in the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and is the former warlord (leader of a rebel faction) operating in the province of Nord-Kivu, sympathetic to Congolese Tutsis and the Tutsi-dominated government of neighbouring Rwanda. Nkunda, who is himself a Congolese Tutsi, commanded the former DRC troops of the 81st and 83rd Brigades of the DRC Army. He speaks English, French, Swahili, and Kinyarwanda.[1] In early 2009, he was captured during a joint operation between the Congolese and Rwandese militaries.[2]

Contents

Personal life

Nkunda has six children. Before joining the military, Nkunda studied psychology at Kisangani University[3] then became a school teacher in Kichanga. He has claimed to admire leaders including Gandhi and George W. Bush.[4]

Religious beliefs

Nkunda is an ordained Christian preacher[5] and an ordained minister.[5] He says that most of his troops have converted.[6] In the 2008 documentary Blood Coltan about the real costs of mobile phones, Nkunda proudly shows a button he wears that reads "Rebels for Christ." He claims to be a Seventh-day Adventist pastor. He also claims to receive help and guidance from American "Rebels for Christ" who visit the Congo spreading Pentecostal Christianity.[7][8] The Seventh-day Adventist Church has disputed Nkunda's claims of affiliation.[9]

Political and military career

Rwandan Genocide 1994–1995

During the Rwandan Genocide, the former psychology student traveled to Rwanda, joining the Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) who were fighting against the Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR), the military of the genocidal Hutu-led government.[10]

First Congo War 1996–1998

After the RPF defeated the FAR to become the new government of Rwanda, Nkunda returned to the DRC. During the First Congo War, he fought alongside Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who successfully overthrew Mobutu.[10]

Second Congo War 2000–2003

At the outset of the Second Congo War, Nkunda joined and became a major in the Congolese Rally for Democracy also known as Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), fighting on the side of Rwandan, Ugandan, Burundian, and other Tutsi-aligned forces (the latter are a relatively small group in the DRC, numbering between half a million to a million, but are a significant military force who live just across the border from Rwanda).

Army career and rebellion 2007

In 2003, with the official end to war, Nkunda joined the new integrated national army of the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as a Colonel and by 2004, he was promoted to General. However, he soon rejected the authority of the government and retreated with some of the RCD-Goma troops to the Masisi forests in Nord Kivu,[11] where he raised the flag of rebellion against the government of Joseph Kabila (who had succeeded his father in 2001). Nkunda claimed to be defending the interests of the Tutsi minority in eastern Congo who were subjected to attacks by Hutus who had fled after their involvement with the Rwandan Genocide. This war has come to be known as the Kivu conflict.

Forming a government

In August 2007, the area under Nkunda's control lay north of Lake Kivu in Nord-Kivu in the territories of Masisi and Rutshuru. In this area, Nkunda established his headquarters by building necessary infrastructure and developing institutions of order. He established a political organisation known as the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP).

2008 Nord-Kivu fighting

Main article: 2008 Nord-Kivu war

In fighting that began on 27 October 2008, known as the 2008 Nord-Kivu fighting, Nkunda leads Tutsi rebels who are opposing both the army of the Democratic Republic of Congo and United Nations forces of the 17,000 UN contingent in the country. It was reported that he was advancing on the city of Goma with the aim of capturing it, and the Congolese army claimed he was receiving aid from Rwanda.[12]

The fighting has uprooted 200,000 civilians, bringing the total of people displaced by the Kivu conflict to 2 million,[13] causing civil unrest[14] large food shortages[13] and what the United Nations calls "a humanitarian crisis of catastrophic dimensions."[15]

In an interview with the BBC on November 10, 2008, Nkunda threatened to topple the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo if the President, Joseph Kabila, continues to avoid direct negotiations.[16]

Human rights

Throughout the years Nkunda has come under scrutiny and been accused by a number of organizations of committing human rights abuses. Nkunda was indicted by the Congolese government for war crimes in September 2005.[11]

According to human rights monitors such as Refugees International, Nkunda's troops have been alleged to have committed acts of murder, rape, and pillaging of civilian villages; a charge which Nkunda denies.[17] Amnesty International says his troops have abducted children as young as 12 and forced them to serve as child soldiers.[18]

In May 2002, he was accused of massacring 160 people in Kisangani, prompting UN Human Rights Commissioner Mary Robinson to call for his arrest following the abduction and beating of two UN investigators by his troops.[11] He has claimed that the UN have ignored the widespread attacks on Tutsis in the region as they did during the Rwandan Genocide in 1994.

Child soldiers

Nkunda strongly denies recruiting child soldiers, stating that as of 2005 he has demobilised 2,500 "young soldiers".[19] His total army was estimated at 7,000–8,000 men.

Possible ouster

Nkunda may have been usurped in leadership by fellow general Bosco Ntaganda, who has become the new representative of the group. The two might have had a falling out over a massacre of civilians perpetrated by Ntaganda's forces.[20]

Capture and arrest

Nkunda was arrested on 22 January 2009 after he had crossed into Rwanda. After unsuccessfully attempting to defeat the CNDP militarily, Congolese president Kabila made a deal with President Kagame of Rwanda to allow Rwandan soldiers into the DRC to uproot FDLR militants in exchange for Rwanda removing Nkunda.[21] Rwandan officials have yet to say if he will be handed over to DR Congo, which has issued an international warrant for his arrest.[2] A military spokesperson said he had been seized after sending three battalions to repel an advance by a joint Congolese-Rwandan force.[22] The force was part of a joint Congolese-Rwandan operation which was launched to hunt Rwandan Hutu militiamen operating in DR Congo.[23] Nkunda is currently being held at an undisclosed location in Rwanda.[24] A Rwandan military spokesman has claimed, however, that Nkunda is being held at Gisenyi, a city in Rubavu district in the Western Province of Rwanda.[25]

On 26 March 2010, the Rwandan Supreme Court ruled that his case could only be heard by a military court, since the military had been responsible for his apprehension. Nkunda’s Defence had sought in vain to have his detention declared illegal[26] and he has yet to be charged with a crime.[27]

References

  1. ^ McConnell, Tristan (2008-11-01). "Congo's maverick warlord who kills in the name of Christianity". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5058019.ece. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 
  2. ^ a b BBC News. Rwanda arrests Congo rebel leader. 23 January 2009
  3. ^ "Who is Laurent Nkunda?". Radio France Internationale. 2008-11-14. http://www.rfi.fr/anglais/actu/articles/107/article_2083.asp. Retrieved 2008-11-18. 
  4. ^ "For Tutsis of Eastern Congo, Protector, Exploiter or Both?" by Stephanie McCrummen, The Washington Post, August 6, 2007
  5. ^ a b http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1114/p06s01-woaf.html
  6. ^ "Dinner With A Warlord." New York Times, June 18, 2007.
  7. ^ "Blood Coltan" "Blood Coltan", Interview with alias clayvonsebon at 25:00 mins]
  8. ^ "Rebels for Christ, Killing in the Name of God" "Rebels for Christ, Two for the Road, New York Times Blog June 21, 2007"
  9. ^ Adventists Deny Rebel Leader’s Claimed Affiliation
  10. ^ a b "We are ready for war, rebels warn Kabila", The Independent, August 3, 2006
  11. ^ a b c "Arrest Laurent Nkunda For War Crimes", Human Rights Watch, February 1, 2006
  12. ^ Faul, Michelle (October 29, 2008). "Congolese army claims attack by Rwandan troops". Associated Press. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081029.wcongo1029/BNStory/International/home. 
  13. ^ a b "U.N. says recent Congo fighting uproots 200,000". CNN. 2008-10-27. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/24/Congo.displaced.ap/index.html?iref=newssearch. Retrieved 2008-10-28. [dead link]
  14. ^ "Protesters attack U.N. HQ in eastern Congo". CNN. 2008-10-24. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/10/27/congo.united.nations.ap/index.html#cnnSTCText. Retrieved 2008-10-28. [dead link]
  15. ^ "Congo rebels ‘cease fire’ as UN urges restraint". Financial Times. 2008-10-29. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/00094ad0-a5a2-11dd-9d26-000077b07658,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F00094ad0-a5a2-11dd-9d26-000077b07658.html. Retrieved 2008-10-31. 
  16. ^ "Talk or go, DR Congo rebel warns". BBC. 2008-11-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7720738.stm. Retrieved 2008-11-10. 
  17. ^ Refugees International website. Retrieved 5 September 2007. Archived September 28, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ "Rise in recruitment of child soldiers in DRC." The Wire, Amnesty International's monthly magazine, June 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
  19. ^ related NBC's Interview with Gen. Laurent Nkunda of the Congo, Pt2. BBC. 2008-10-31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VnOYZdNeNk&feature= related. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 
  20. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0122/p06s01-woaf.html
  21. ^ "DRC: Civilians at risk from further fighting after Nkunda arrest", IRIN, 26 January 2009 (accessed 23 February 2009)
  22. ^ "Rebel leader General Nkunda arrested". The Zim Daily. 2009-01-23. http://www.zimdaily.com/news/nkunda27.6814.html. Retrieved 2009-01-23. 
  23. ^ "Congo, rebel leader Nkunda arrested". Africa Times. 2009-01-23. http://www.africa-times-news.com/2009/01/congo-rebel-leader-nkunda-arrested/. Retrieved 2009-01-23. 
  24. ^ "Congo's Nkunda arrested in Rwanda". RTÉ. 2009-01-23. http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0123/congo.html. Retrieved 2009-01-23. 
  25. ^ "Congo rebel leader Nkunda arrested". el Economista. 2009-01-23. http://www.eleconomista.es/mundo/noticias/989692/01/09/Congo-rebel-leader-Nkunda-arrested.html. Retrieved 2009-01-23.  and "Congo rebel leader Nkunda arrested in Rwanda". Khaleej Times. 2009-01-23. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2009/January/international_January1240.xml&section=international. Retrieved 2009-01-23. 
  26. ^ "Nkunda, Laurent". The Hague Justice Portal. http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/11719. Retrieved 2011-01-21. 
  27. ^ "Nkunda's Case Not Easy, Says Rwanda". Daily Nation on the Web. http://allafrica.com/stories/201101200874.html. Retrieved 2011-01-20. 

Further reading

  • Stewart Andrew Scott. Laurent Nkunda et la rébellion du Kivu : au coeur de la guerre congolaise. Paris : Karthala, (2008). ISBN : 9782811100872
  • Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma," 2010. ISBN 978-3-8383-4027-2
  • WOLTERS, S., 2007. Trouble in Eastern DRC: The Nkunda Factor. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies

External links


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  • Laurent Nkunda — (auch Laurent Nkundabatware Mihigo) (* 6. Februar 1967 in Mutanda, Distrikt Rutshuru, Provinz Nord Kivu, Demokratische Republik Kongo) ist ein ehemaliger General der kongolesischen Armee und ehemaliger Führer der Rebellengruppe Nationalkongress… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

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  • Nkundabatware — Laurent Nkunda Laurent Nkunda, né le 2 février 1967, dont le vrai nom est Nkunda Mihigo, est un officier rebelle tutsi de l armée de la République démocratique du Congo. Sommaire 1 Biographie 1.1 1994 2002 1.2 2003 2006 : Gouvernement de… …   Wikipédia en Français

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