Magister (degree)

Magister (also magistar, female form: Magistra from lat.: magister “Teacher”) is an academic degree used in various systems of higher education.

Argentina

In Argentina, the Master of Science or Magister (Mg, Ma, Mag, MSc) is a postgraduate degree of two to four years of duration by depending on each university's statutes.^[1] The admission to a Master program (Castilian: Maestría) in an Argentine University requires the full completion of an undergraduate degree, as well Licentiate's degree as Professorate degree of four to five years long from any recognized university. Under the accomplishment of the Magister Scietiæ thesis dissertation, that in years of formal education, is generally equivalent to a Ph.D. or Doctorate in universities of North America or Europe given the Bologna comparison system among academic programs.

Central Europe and Eastern Europe

In Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia obtaining the Magister requires at least four to six years of study including coursework and a final thesis, similar to a Diplom degree. Magisters tend to be awarded in the humanities and the social sciences, while Diploms dominate in the natural sciences and in engineering.

Since the introduction of the Bologna Process in 2005 the Magister was replaced with the graduate master degree, which is designed to take 4(-6) years (including the undergraduate 3-year Bachelor degree).

The graduate Magister schould not be confused with a undergraduate 3- or 4-year Magister (FH) or Diplom (FH), which ist similar to a bachlor degree, and requires a lower academic standard than a Magister or Diplom.

Finland and Sweden

In Finland and Sweden, the Magister (fin. Maisteri) is by far the most prevalent form of masters degree traditionally taken as a first degree. The degree usually lasts about 5–6 years and is structured into Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced progressional components. Since the introduction of the Bologna Process in 2005, the Magister has been broken into bachelor (formerly Basic/Intermediate) and master (formerly Advanced) components. However, the vast majority of students continue right through to complete the master degree and, in effect, the duration and extent of the old Magister degree remains much as it was.

In Sweden, magister (filosofie magister) historically was the highest degree at the faculties of philosophy and was equivalent to the doctorate used in theology, law and medicine. The degree was abolished in 1863, and replaced with the Doctor of Philosophy. The magister degrees used in Denmark and Norway most closely resemble this degree.

Magister has since referred to several degrees in Sweden which are unrelated to the original magister degree and unrelated to the magister degrees in the other Scandinavian countries. Some universities conferred a degree called magister between 1908 and 1969, which was roughly comparable to a master's degree.

A new undergraduate magister degree, requiring at least 4 years of studies, was introduced in 1993. In 2007, this degree was replaced with a 1-year graduate degree which requires three years of undergraduate studies. It is officially translated into either Master of Arts, Master of Social Science or Master of Science depending on the subject.^[2]

Denmark and Norway

In Denmark and Norway the Magister's degree was situated between the Candidate's (a degree that traditionally required 6 years of studies) and doctoral degrees (higher doctorates by British standards). In modern times, the Magister's degree typically required 7–8 years of studies, with strong emphasis on the scientific thesis.

Two main forms of the Magister's degree existed: Mag. Art. (abbreviation of the Latin Magister Artium, "teacher of the arts"), if the degree was earned in humanities or social sciences, and Mag. Scient. for Natural Science. In Denmark, there was also a third degree in sociology, Mag. Scient. Soc. The Magister's degree is no longer awarded today. The Mag. Scient. degree was discontinued in the 1970s and the Mag. Art. degree programs ceased immatriculating students in 2007, but was rarely used since the 1990s.

The degree was originally introduced in Denmark-Norway in 1479, as the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy, and was equivalent to the doctoral degrees in Theology, Law and Medicine. It was replaced by the Doctor Philosophiae degree as the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy in both countries in 1824. In 1848, a new Magister's degree was introduced in Denmark as a supplement to the existing Candidate's degree programs, mainly extending the thesis portion of the Candidate's degree (the Candidate's degree being a somewhat higher degree than a Master's, historically requiring 6 years of studies). The new Magister's degree was originally formally known as Magisterkonferens, "Magister Counselor". The program was designed to be preparation for finding employment as a researcher. Sometimes the degree was obtained after the Candidate's degree had been obtained. The Magister's degrees, modelled after the Danish ones, were introduced in Norway in the early 1920s.

A Norwegian Magister's degree required a 3-year scientific thesis of high quality, and is considered "approximately equivalent to an American Ph.D."^[3] Also in Denmark the Magister's degree is considered a degree at the same level as a PhD.^[4][5]

Both American PhDs and German doctorates have been found to be equivalent to Danish and Norwegian Magister's degrees on several occasions. In Denmark and Norway, those obtaining the traditional doctorates are often already well-established academics, often (full) professors, and the traditional doctorates are considered as higher doctorates, comparable to the Central European Habilitation or the British D.Sc. or D.Litt. degrees.^[6]

Former territories of Yugoslavia

Main article: Diploma

In Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia and other countries once part of Yugoslavia, before the implementation of the Bologna process, the magistar nauka/znanosti (Magister of Science) was a research-oriented degree awarded for 2 or 3 years of study following the diploma degree (which lasted 4 to 5 years) and the defense of a magistarski rad (magister's thesis).^[7][8] In order to be promoted to doktor nauka/znanosti (Doctor of Science), a magistar was supposed to write and defend a doctoral thesis. Magistar um(j)etnosti (Magister of Arts) was a terminal degree in music performance, acting and visual arts.

In Serbia, by decision of the Serbian Parliament (Odredba stava 2.), the status of those graduated before the Bologna process is now equivalent with Masters Degree graduates in the EU.^[9] Magister's degree has been considered as equivalent of the first two years of three years doctoral studies. In Croatia, the statuses are regulated by a new law from 2007^[10] and a new classification from 2008.^[11]

Entering 'Magistar" studies was a highly selective process. Only students with high GPA were eligible for these kind of studies. Mostly, those were preselected students who were employed at Universities.

This kind of degree entitles one to be considered as PhD candidate. He or she can immediately start working on a dissertation. The person with this kind of degree completed overall 4 + 3 years of education (humanities, science etc.) or 5 + 3 (engineering) years of education after high school. Two years were related to the coursework only. After two years of coursework and research, the thesis was completed in a year or two after the coursework, although it roughly depended on a workload of an average graduate student who is considered to be a faculty member with teaching responsibilities (which can be up to 16 hours per week of a teaching load).

After the Bologna process, previous undergraduate education has been reformed. Current students that are in a 3- or 4-year Bachelor program and 1–2 Master program have to complete PhD requirements before writing their dissertation. They have to complete the coursework and pass preliminary exams. Students with Magistar degree have no such requirements. They have to do the research only related to the dissertation.

France

In France, a magistère was a highly selective three-year course. To enter the course the student was required to obtain top-level grades at his Diplôme d'études universitaires générales (two-year first university degree). Due to the Bologna process, magistères are substituted by master's degrees. The most prestigious French universities still offer "magistères" in Law, Economics, or Sciences, which are open to the highest-ranked students at the end of the first two years of studies.

References

1. ^ Ministry of Education (2009-06-08). "CONEAU: Tipos de Posgrado". Ministerio de Education Republica Argentina. http://www.coneau.edu.ar/index.php?item=29&apps=16&id=428&act=ver&idioma=aa. Retrieved 2009-06-08. ^{[dead link]}
2. ^ Swedish National Agency for Higher Education
3. ^ Dommasnes, Liv Helga; Else Johansen Kleppe, Gro Mandt and Jenny-Rita Næss (1998). "Women archeologists in retrospect – the Norwegian case". In Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen. Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology. London: Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 0415157609. 
4. ^ Jørgensen, Lise Bender (1998). "The state of Denmark". In Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen. Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology. London: Routledge. p. 231. ISBN 0415157609. "In recent years, the Anglo-Saxon style degree of PhD has been introduced, and is now replacing the degree of mag. art. At present, both mag. art. and PhD degrees are around. They are not identical, but their position in the educational system as the degree you take at the end of postgraduate studies is the same." 
5. ^ Susan Carol Rogers, Thomas M. Wilson, and Gary W. McDonogh, ed (1996). European anthropologies: a guide to the profession. Ethnography, ethnology and social, cultural anthropology. 1. American Anthropological Association/Society for the Anthropology of Europe. p. 231. "[...] the establishment of a Ph.D. degree, which replaces the degree of mag. art." 
6. ^ Farago, Peter Joseph; Malcolm John Frazer and Stanley D. Walker (1976). Chemical education in Europe. Chemical Society. "For example in Denmark, Finland and Norway only individuals who have successfully carried out individual research work for many years are awarded the title 'Doctor' - and this is equivalent to the higher doctorate" 
7. ^ Eurydice – Serbia and Montenegro (2004/2005)
8. ^ "Croatia – Legal Framework". World Education News & Reviews 16 (6). Nov/Dec 2003. http://www.wes.org/ewenr/03Nov/Croatia.htm 
9. ^ "Службени гласник Републике Србије", број 76/05
10. ^ "Zakon o akademskim i stručnim nazivima i akademskom stupnju", Narodne novine 2007-107
11. ^ "Popis akademskih naziva i akademskih stupnjeva te njihovih kratica", Narodne novine 2008-45