MMR vaccine

MMR vaccine
MMR vaccine
Combination of
Measles vaccine Vaccine
Mumps vaccine Vaccine
Rubella vaccine Vaccine
Clinical data
Pregnancy cat.  ?
Legal status ℞ Prescription only
Identifiers
ATC code J07BD52
 N(what is this?)  vaccine (verify)
See also: MMR vaccine controversy

The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella (also called German measles). It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.[1]

The vaccine is a mixture of three live attenuated viruses, administered via injection. The shot is generally administered to children around the age of one year, with a second dose before starting school (i.e. age 4/5). The second dose is not a booster; it is a dose to produce immunity in the small number of persons (2–5%) who fail to develop measles immunity after the first dose.[2] In the United States, the vaccine was licensed in 1971 and the second dose was introduced in 1989.[3] It is widely used around the world; since introduction of its earliest versions in the 1970s, over 500 million doses have been used in over 60 countries. As with all vaccinations, long-term effects and efficacy are subject to continuing study. The vaccine is sold by Merck as M-M-R II, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals as Priorix, Serum Institute of India as Tresivac, and Sanofi Pasteur as Trimovax.

It is usually considered a childhood vaccination. However, it is also recommended for use in some cases of adults with HIV.[4][5]

Contents

Effectiveness

Measles cases 1944-1963 follow a highly variable epidemic pattern, with 150,000-850,000 cases per year. A sharp decliine follows introduction of the vaccine in 1963, with fewer than 25,000 cases reported in 1968. Outbreaks around 1971 and 1977 gave 75,000 and 57,000 cases, respectively. Cases were stable at a few thousand per year until an outbreak of 28,000 in 1990. Cases declined from a few hundred per year in the early 1990s to a few dozen in the 2000s.
Measles cases reported in the United States before and after introduction of the vaccine.

Before the widespread use of a vaccine against measles, its incidence was so high that infection with measles was felt to be "as inevitable as death and taxes."[6] Today, the incidence of measles has fallen to less than 1% of people under the age of 30 in countries with routine childhood vaccination.[citation needed] Reported cases of measles in the United States fell from hundreds of thousands to tens of thousands per year following introduction of the vaccine in 1963. Increasing uptake of the vaccine following outbreaks in 1971 and 1977 brought this down to thousands of cases per year in the 1980s. An outbreak of almost 30,000 cases in 1990 led to a renewed push for vaccination and the addition of a second vaccine to the recommended schedule. Fewer than 200 cases have been reported each year since 1997, and the disease is no longer considered endemic.[7][8][9]

The benefit of measles vaccination in preventing illness, disability, and death has been well documented. The first 20 years of licensed measles vaccination in the U.S. prevented an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths.[10] During 1999–2004, a strategy led by the World Health Organization and UNICEF led to improvements in measles vaccination coverage that averted an estimated 1.4 million measles deaths worldwide.[11]

Measles is endemic worldwide. Although it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000, high rates of vaccination and good communication with persons who refuse vaccination is needed to prevent outbreaks and sustain the elimination of measles in the U.S.[12] Of the 66 cases of measles reported in the U.S. in 2005, slightly over half were attributable to one unvaccinated individual who acquired measles during a visit to Romania.[13] This individual returned to a community with many unvaccinated children. The resulting outbreak infected 34 people, mostly children and virtually all unvaccinated; 9% were hospitalized, and the cost of containing the outbreak was estimated at $167,685. A major epidemic was averted due to high rates of vaccination in the surrounding communities.[12]

Mumps is another viral disease of childhood that was once very common. If mumps is acquired by a male who is past puberty, a possible complication is bilateral orchitis which can in some cases lead to sterility.[14]

Rubella fell sharply when immunization was introduced.

Rubella, otherwise known as German measles, was also very common before the advent of widespread vaccination. The major risk of rubella is in pregnancy. If a pregnant woman is infected, her baby may contract congenital rubella from her, which can cause significant congenital defects.[15]

All three diseases are highly contagious.

The combined MMR vaccine was introduced to induce immunity less painfully than three separate injections at the same time, and sooner and more efficiently than three injections given on different dates.

In 2005, the Cochrane Library published a review of 31 scientific studies. One of its main results: "We could not identify studies assessing the effectiveness of MMR that fulfilled our inclusion criteria even though the impact of mass immunisation on the elimination of the diseases has been largely demonstrated." Its authors concluded, "Existing evidence on the safety and effectiveness of MMR vaccine supports current policies of mass immunisation aimed at global measles eradication in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with mumps and rubella."[16]

Development, formulation and administration

Two workers make openings in chicken eggs in preparation for a measles vaccine

The component viral strains of MMR vaccine were developed by propagation in animal and human cells. The live viruses require animal or human cells as a host for production of more virus.

For example, in the case of mumps and measles viruses, the virus strains were grown in embryonated hens' eggs and chick embryo cell cultures. This produced strains of virus which were adapted for the hens egg and less well-suited for human cells. These strains are therefore called attenuated strains. They are sometimes referred to as neuroattenuated because these strains are less virulent to human neurons than the wild strains.

The Rubella component, Meruvax, is propagated using a human cell line (WI-38, named for the Wistar Institute) derived in 1961 from embryonic lung tissue.[17] This cell line was originally prepared from tissues of aborted fetuses, raising religious objections.[citation needed]

Disease Immunized Component Vaccine Virus Strain Propagation Medium Growth Medium
Measles Attenuvax Enders' attenuated Edmonston strain[18] chick embryo cell culture Medium 199
Mumps Mumpsvax[19] Jeryl Lynn (B level) strain[20]
Rubella Meruvax II Wistar RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus WI-38 human diploid lung fibroblasts MEM (solution containing buffered salts, fetal bovine serum, human serum albumin and neomycin, etc.)

MMR II is supplied freeze-dried (lyophilized) and contains live viruses. Before injection it is reconstituted with the solvent provided.

The MMR vaccine is administered by a subcutaneous injection.The second dose may be given as early as one month after the first dose.[21] The second dose is not a booster; it is a dose to produce immunity in the small number of persons (2–5%) who fail to develop measles immunity after the first dose. In the U.S. it is done before entry to kindergarten because that is a convenient time.[2]

Safety

Adverse reactions, rarely serious, may occur from each component of the MMR vaccine. 10% of children develop fever, malaise and a rash 5–21 days after the first vaccination; 5% develop temporary joint pain.[22] Older women appear to be more at risk of joint pain, acute arthritis, and even (rarely) chronic arthritis.[23] Anaphylaxis is an extremely rare but serious allergic reaction to the vaccine.[24] One cause can be egg allergy.[25] The vaccine product brief lists many other possible adverse reactions.[26]

The number of reports on neurologic disorders is very small, other than evidence for an association between a form of the MMR vaccine containing the Urabe mumps strain and rare adverse events of aseptic meningitis, a transient mild form of viral meningitis.[23][27] The UK National Health Service stopped using the Urabe mumps strain in the early 1990s due to cases of transient mild viral meningitis, and switched to a form using the Jeryl Lynn mumps strain instead.[28] The Urabe strain remains in use in a number of countries; MMR with the Urabe strain is much cheaper to manufacture than with the Jeryl Lynn strain,[29] and a strain with higher efficacy along with a somewhat higher rate of mild side effects may still have the advantage of reduced incidence of overall adverse events.[28]

The Cochrane Library review found that, compared to placebo, MMR vaccine was associated with fewer upper respiratory tract infections, more irritability, and a similar number of other adverse effects. The review also found several problems in the quality of MMR vaccine safety studies, and recommended the adoption of standardized definitions of adverse events. The review's abstract concludes, "The design and reporting of safety outcomes in MMR vaccine studies, both pre- and post-marketing, are largely inadequate. The evidence of adverse events following immunisation with MMR cannot be separated from its role in preventing the target diseases."[16]

Claims about autism

Main article: MMR vaccine controversy

In the UK, the MMR vaccine was the subject of controversy after publication of a 1998 paper by Andrew Wakefield et al. reporting a study of twelve children who had bowel symptoms along with autism or other disorders, including cases where onset was believed by the parents to be soon after administration of MMR vaccine.[30] In 2010, Wakefield's research was found by the General Medical Council to have been "dishonest",[31] and The Lancet fully retracted the original paper.[32] The research was declared fraudulent in 2011 by the British Medical Journal.[33] Several subsequent peer-reviewed studies have failed to show any association between the vaccine and autism.[34]

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,[35] the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences,[36] the UK National Health Service[37] and the Cochrane Library review[16] have all concluded that there is no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.

Administering the vaccines in three separate doses does not reduce the chance of adverse effects, and it increases the opportunity for infection by the two diseases not immunized against first.[34][38] Health experts have criticized media reporting of the MMR-autism controversy for triggering a decline in vaccination rates.[39] Before publication of Wakefield's findings, the inoculation rate for MMR in the UK was 92%; after publication, the rate dropped to below 80%. In 1998, there were 56 measles cases in the UK; by 2008, there were 1348 cases, with 2 confirmed deaths.[40]

In Japan, the MMR vaccination has been discontinued, with single vaccines being used for each disease. Rates of autism diagnosis have continued to increase, showing no correlation with the change.[41]

MMRV vaccine

Main article: MMRV vaccine

The MMRV vaccine, a combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine, has been proposed as a replacement for the MMR vaccine to simplify administration of the vaccines.[21] Preliminary data indicate a rate of fever-induced seizure of 9 per 10,000 vaccinations with MMRV, as opposed to 4 per 10,000 for separate MMR and varicella injections; U.S. health officials therefore do not express a preference for use of MMRV vaccine over separate injections.[42]

References

  1. ^ Offit PA (2007). Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. ISBN 0-06-122796-X. 
  2. ^ a b "MMR vaccine questions and answers". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. http://cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/combo-vaccines/mmr/faqs-mmr-hcp.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-28. 
  3. ^ Banatvala JE, Brown DW (2004). "Rubella". Lancet 363 (9415): 1127–37. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15897-2. PMID 15064032. 
  4. ^ "Case 4: Discussion - Appropriate Vaccinations - Initial Evaluation - HIV Web Study". http://depts.washington.edu/hivaids/initial/case4/discussion.html. 
  5. ^ "Measles, Mumps, and Rubella -- Vaccine Use and Strategies for Elimination of Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome and Control of Mumps: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)". http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00053391.htm. 
  6. ^ Babbott FL Jr, Gordon JE (1954). "Modern measles". Am J Med Sci 228 (3): 334–61. PMID 13197385. 
  7. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Summary of notifable diseases—United States, 1993 Published October 21, 1994 for Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1993; 42 (No. 53)
  8. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Summary of notifable diseases—United States, 2007 Published July 9, 2009 for Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2007; 56 (No. 53)
  9. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Atkinson W, Wolfe S, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, eds. 11th ed. Washington DC: Public Health Foundation, 2009
  10. ^ Bloch AB, Orenstein WA, Stetler HC et al. (1985). "Health impact of measles vaccination in the United States". Pediatrics 76 (4): 524–32. PMID 3931045. 
  11. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2006). "Progress in reducing global measles deaths, 1999–2004". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 (9): 247–9. PMID 16528234. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5509a8.htm. 
  12. ^ a b Parker AA, Staggs W, Dayan GH et al. (2006). "Implications of a 2005 measles outbreak in Indiana for sustained elimination of measles in the United States". N Engl J Med 355 (5): 447–55. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa060775. PMID 16885548. 
  13. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2006). "Measles—United States, 2005". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 (50): 1348–51. PMID 17183226. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5550a2.htm. 
  14. ^ Jequier, Anne M. (2000). Male infertility: a guide for the clinician. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 0632051299. http://books.google.com/?id=ULWh1Wc1nKMC. 
  15. ^ "Rubella vaccine information". National Network for Immunization Information. 2006-09-25. http://www.immunizationinfo.org/vaccineInfo/vaccine_detail.cfv?id=24. Retrieved 2007-09-02. 
  16. ^ a b c Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Price D (2005). Demicheli, Vittorio. ed. "Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 19 (4): CD004407. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub2. PMID 16235361. Lay summary – Cochrane Collaboration (2005-10-19). 
  17. ^ ViroMed Laboratories (2004). "Selected profiles of cell cultures: WI-38". http://www.viromed.com/services/product/wi38.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-03. 
  18. ^ "Attenuvax Product Sheet" (PDF). Merck & Co. 2006. pp. 1. http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/a/attenuvax/attenuvax_pi.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-04. [dead link]
  19. ^ Merck Co. (1990, 1999). "MUMPSVAX (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live) Jeryl Lynn Strain" (PDF). Merck Co.. http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/m/mumpsvax/mumpsvax_pi.pdf. 
  20. ^ Young ML, Dickstein B, Weibel RE, Stokes J Jr, Buynak EB, Hilleman MR (1967). "Experiences with Jeryl Lynn strain live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in a pediatric outpatient clinic". Pediatrics 40 (5): 798–803. PMID 6075651. 
  21. ^ a b Vesikari T, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Rentier B, Gershon A (2007). "Increasing coverage and efficiency of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and introducing universal varicella vaccination in Europe: a role for the combined vaccine". Pediatr Infect Dis J 26 (7): 632–8. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3180616c8f. PMID 17596807. 
  22. ^ Harnden A, Shakespeare J (2001). "10-minute consultation: MMR immunisation". BMJ 323 (7303): 32. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.32. PMC 1120664. PMID 11440943. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/323/7303/32. 
  23. ^ a b Schattner A (2005). "Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines". Vaccine 23 (30): 3876–86. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.005. PMID 15917108. 
  24. ^ Carapetis JR, Curtis N, Royle J (2001). "MMR immunisation. True anaphylaxis to MMR vaccine is extremely rare". BMJ 323 (7317): 869. PMC 1121404. PMID 11683165. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1121404. 
  25. ^ Fox A, Lack G (October 2003). "Egg allergy and MMR vaccination". Br J Gen Pract 53 (495): 801–2. PMC 1314715. PMID 14601358. http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=0960-1643&volume=53&issue=495&spage=801&aulast=Fox. 
  26. ^ "M-M-R II (measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live)" (PDF). Merck. 2007. http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/m/mmr_ii/mmr_ii_pi.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-03. 
  27. ^ Institute of Medicine (1994). "Measles and mumps vaccines". Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality. National Academy Press. ISBN 0309074967. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2138&page=131. 
  28. ^ a b Colville A, Pugh S, Miller E, Schmitt HJ, Just M, Neiss A (1994). "Withdrawal of a mumps vaccine". Eur J Pediatr 153 (6): 467–8. doi:10.1007/BF01983415. PMID 8088305. 
  29. ^ Fullerton KE, Reef SE (2002). "Commentary: Ongoing debate over the safety of the different mumps vaccine strains impacts mumps disease control". Int J Epidemiol 31 (5): 983–4. doi:10.1093/ije/31.5.983. PMID 12435772. http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/31/5/983. 
  30. ^ Wakefield A, Murch S, Anthony A et al. (1998). "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children". Lancet 351 (9103): 637–41. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0. PMID 9500320. http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-paper.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-05. 
  31. ^ Boseley, Sarah (28 January 2010). "Andrew Wakefield found 'irresponsible' by GMC over MMR vaccine scare". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/jan/28/andrew-wakefield-mmr-vaccine. 
  32. ^ The Editors Of The Lancet (February 2010). "Retraction—Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children". Lancet 375 (9713): 445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4. PMID 20137807. Lay summary – BBC News (2010-02-02). 
  33. ^ Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (2011). "Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent". BMJ 342:c7452 (jan05 1): c7452–c7452. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7452. 
  34. ^ a b National Health Service (2004). "MMR: myths and truths". http://www.mmrthefacts.nhs.uk/basics/truths.php. Retrieved 2007-09-03. 
  35. ^ "Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008-08-22. http://cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/mmr_autism_factsheet.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-21. [dead link]
  36. ^ Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism. From the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. Report dated May 17, 2004; accessed June 13, 2007.
  37. ^ MMR Fact Sheet, from the United Kingdom National Health Service. Accessed June 13, 2007.
  38. ^ MMR vs three separate vaccines:
  39. ^ "Doctors issue plea over MMR jab". BBC News. 2006-06-26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5118166.stm. Retrieved 2009-02-04. 
  40. ^ Thomas J. Paranoia strikes deep: MMR vaccine and autism. Psychiatric Times. 2010;27(3):1-6
  41. ^ Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M (2005). "No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study". J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46 (6): 572–9. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x. PMID 15877763. Lay summary – Bandolier (2005). 
  42. ^ Klein NP, Yih WK, Marin M et al. (2008). "Update: recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding administration of combination MMRV vaccine". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57 (10): 258–60. PMID 18340332. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5710a3.htm. 
v · d · eArtificial induction of immunity / Immunization: Vaccines, Vaccination, and Inoculation (J07)
Development

List of vaccine ingredients · Adjuvants · Mathematical modelling · Timeline · Trials

Classes: Inactivated vaccine · Live vector vaccine (Attenuated vaccine, Heterologous vaccine) · Toxoid · Subunit/component / Peptide / Virus-like particle · Conjugate vaccine · DNA vaccination
Administration
Global: GAVI Alliance · Policy · Schedule · Vaccine injury
USA: ACIP · VAERS · VSD · Vaccine court · Vaccines for Children Program
Vaccines
Bacterial

Anthrax · Brucellosis · Cholera# · Diphtheria# · Hib# · Meningococcus# (NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135, NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 - DT, MeNZB) · Pertussis# · Plague · Pneumococcal# (PPSV, PCV) · Tetanus# · Tuberculosis (BCG)# · Typhoid# (Ty21a, ViCPS) · Typhus

combination: DTwP/DTaP
Viral

Adenovirus · Tick-borne encephalitis · Japanese encephalitis# · Flu# (LAIV, H1N1 (Pandemrix)) · Hepatitis A# · Hepatitis B# · HPV (Gardasil, Cervarix) · Measles# · Mumps# (Mumpsvax) · Polio# (Salk, Sabin) · Rabies# · Rotavirus# · Rubella# · Smallpox (Dryvax) · Varicella zoster (chicken pox#, shingles) · Herpes simplex† · Yellow fever#
combination: MMR · MMRV

research: Cytomegalovirus · Epstein-Barr · HIV · Hepatitis C
Protozoan
Malaria · Trypanosomiasis
Schistosomiasis · Hookworm
Other
Controversy
See also
#WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: †Phase III. §Never to phase III

M: BAC

bact (clas)

gr+f/gr+a(t)/gr-p(c)/gr-o

drug(J1p, w, n, m, vacc)

M: VIR

virs(prot)/clss

cutn/syst (hppv/hiva, infl/zost/zoon)/epon

drugJ(dnaa, rnaa, rtva, vacc)

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  • MMR vaccine — UK [ˌem em ˈɑː(r) ˌvæksiːn] US [ˌem em ˈɑr ˌvæksin] noun [singular] a drug given to young children by injection to protect them against measles , mumps , and rubella . Some parents are worried about their children being given the MMR vaccine… …   Useful english dictionary

  • MMR vaccine — UK [ˌem em ˈɑː(r) ˌvæksiːn] / US [ˌem em ˈɑr ˌvæksɪn] or MMR UK / US noun [singular] a drug given to young children by injection to protect them against measles, mumps, and rubella. Some parents are worried about their children being given the… …   English dictionary

  • MMR vaccine controversy — The MMR vaccine controversy is over the safety of the MMR vaccine. Critics of the vaccine say that the incidence of autism has greatly increased and that the vaccine is a primary cause of this increase. They posit that the vaccine can overwhelm… …   Wikipedia

  • MMR vaccine — a combined vaccine against measles, mumps, and German measles (rubella). It is currently recommended that this vaccine is given to all children between 13 and 15 months old with a booster dose at 3½ 4 years. Specific contraindications include… …   Medical dictionary

  • MMR vaccine — a combined vaccine against measles, mumps, and German measles (rubella). It is currently recommended that this vaccine is given to all children at 13 months of age with a booster dose at 3½–5 years (see immunization). Specific contraindications… …   The new mediacal dictionary

  • MMR vaccine — /ɛm ɛm ˈa væksin/ (say em em ah vakseen) noun a combined vaccine which gives long term immunity against the common childhood diseases of measles, mumps and rubella …  

  • Vaccine injury — Classification and external resources ICD 10 T88.1, Y58 Y59 …   Wikipedia

  • MMR — vaccine UK [ˌem em ˈɑː(r) ˌvæksiːn] / US [ˌem em ˈɑr ˌvæksɪn] or MMR UK / US noun [singular] a drug given to young children by injection to protect them against measles, mumps, and rubella. Some parents are worried about their children being… …   English dictionary

  • MMR — may stand for:*The MMR vaccine, an immunization against measles, mumps and rubella. *Mass miniature radiography, a screening X ray photofluorography technique. *The Mesozoic Marine Revolution, the burst of evolution in the Mesozoic period caused… …   Wikipedia

  • Vaccine controversies — James Gillray, The Cow Pock or the Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation! (1802) A vaccine controversy is a dispute over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, or safety of vaccinations. Medical and scientific evidence surrounding vaccinations… …   Wikipedia

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