De Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover

Infobox Aircraft
name = de Havilland Australia Drover
type = short-haul airliner
manufacturer = de Havilland Australia



caption = DHA-3 Mk. 2 Drover
designer = Martin Warner
first flight = 1948
introduced = 1949
retired =
status = Four registered in Australia
primary user =Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia
more users = Qantas
produced = 1949-1953
number built = 20
unit cost = £14,000
variants with their own articles = The de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover was an Australian built small transport aircraft built by de Havilland Australia (DHA) in the 1940s and 1950s. The aircraft had some similarities with the two-engine British built de Havilland Dove.

Design and Development

Design work on the DHA-3 began in 1946 after DHA identified a need to replace the de Havilland Dragon biplane then in widespread use in Australia. Although the British parent company's Dove was being produced at the same time, DHA saw that the Dove was not entirely suitable for Australian conditions. Using the Dove as a starting point, DHA designed an aircraft with three four-cylinder Gipsy Major engines instead of the Dove's two Gipsy Queen six-cylinder engines and a fixed tailwheel undercarriage instead of the Dove's retractable tricycle undercarriage. Like the Dove the DHA-3 was sized to carry 8 to 9 passengers with a single pilot. The result was an aircraft with the same wingspan as the Dove and a slightly shorter fuselage. The name 'Drover' was selected by Sir Geoffrey de Havilland after suggestions for a name were invited from DHA employees.

The first DHA-3 Mk. 1 Drover took to the air at Bankstown Airport on January 23 1948 piloted by Brian (Black Jack) Walker, DHA's chief test pilot. The second aircraft did not fly until December 1949, while the first aircraft was delivered in October that year. After entering service, by 1952 the type's shortcomings were becoming apparent. These included the aircraft's lack of power, especially in hot weather, and an unfortunate tendency for propellers to fail in-flight, resulting in the loss of two aircraft. The propeller problem was overcome by replacing the de Havilland variable-pitch propellers with Fairey Reed fixed-pitch propellers, modified aircraft being re-designated the DHA-3 Mk. 1F. All but the three aircraft that had crashed by that time were brought to this standard. The propeller change however did nothing to improve the type's performance. In a bid to improve lift all Mk. 1F aircraft were further modified with double slotted flaps in place of plain flaps, and were once again re-designated, this time as the DHA-3 Mk. 2.Sixteen aircraft had been delivered by the end of 1952, but the problems suffered by the type stalled further sales for several years. The last four of the twenty Drovers built were produced in 1953 but were not sold until 1955 and 1956. In another bid to rectify the type's poor performance DHA re-engined seven Mk. 2 aircraft with Lycoming O-360 horizontally-opposed engines driving Hartzell feathering constant-speed propellers. The first modified aircraft, re-designated as a DHA-3 Mk. 3, was returned to its owner the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (RFDS) on June 4 1960. Three Mk. 3s were later further modified; two aircraft operated by the NSW Section of the RFDS were modified in 1962 as the Mk. 3a with the tailplane altered to have seven degrees of dihedral (14° according to one source) and the span increased by 2 ft (61 cm) [http://powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/index.php?irn=92192&search=drover Retrieved 2007-08-02] . The third was modified as a Mk. 3b with an increase in MTOW of 300 lb (137 kg) to 6,800 lb (3,087 kg).

Operational History

New aircraft deliveries

The type entered service with the Australian Department of Civil Aviation (DCA, now the Civil Aviation Safety Authority) in 1949, the DCA operating the first two aircraft. Qantas and the RFDS took delivery of their first aircraft in 1950, eventually receiving five and six new aircraft respectively. Qantas placed the Drover into service on its routes in what was then known as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Like many other aircraft types before and since, the Drover was inadequate in the demanding operating conditions of the island and of the surviving four aircraft (see below), three left Qantas service in 1954 and 1955. The last was retired by Qantas in 1960. The surviving DCA aircraft (see below) was also withdrawn and offered for sale in the latter 1950s and was sold at the end of 1959.

TAA briefly evaluated the prototype for a month in late 1950 and then received the first two of its eventual three new Drovers in 1952 (the third was delivered in 1956). TAA operated them on scheduled services in Queensland and as air ambulance aircraft, one of them as one of the six used by the RFDS. One aircraft crashed in January 1952 only five weeks after delivery and the other two were transferred to the RFDS in 1963 and 1964. The last main operators of new Drovers were the Australian Department of Health, which used two on outback aeromedical operations (one crashing in 1957); and Fiji Airways, which took delivery of two aircraft built for Qantas but refused by that company when the type's problems became apparent. The last aircraft built was delivered as a Mk. 2 to a private individual in July 1956.

Propeller problems

On 16 July 1951 the third Drover built (registration VH-EBQ in service with Qantas), crashed off the coast of New Guinea (in the Huon Gulf near the mouth of the Markham River) after the centre engine's propeller failed. The pilot and the six passengers on board were killed. As of August 2008 this was the last fatal accident suffered by Qantas. At the time of the crash the aircraft was only ten months old.

The prototype Drover VH-DHA was ditched in the Bismarck Sea between Wewak and Manus Island on 16 April 1952. The port propeller failed, a propeller blade penetrated the fuselage and the pilot was rendered unconscious; the ditching was performed by a passenger. On this occasion the occupants survived the ordeal to be rescued. [http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/DHA%20Drover%20VH-DHA%202.htm Loss of Drover VH-DHA ] Retrieved 2007-08-02] A third aircraft (VH-EBS, also owned by Qantas) suffered a propeller failure while still on the ground in September the same year.

Later operations

The RFDS had its Drovers modified to Mk. 3 standard in the early 1960s and operated the type until late in the decade when more modern aircraft such as the Beechcraft Queen Air were acquired. The seventh Mk. 3 was acquired second-hand from the Department of Health by the RFDS as a Mk. 2 and then modified. The RFDS Mk. 3s were configured to carry the pilot, two medical staff and two stretcher patients and were operated in the Northern Territory and outback New South Wales and Queensland.

The Drover became fairly well-travelled for an Australian design; apart from their initial use in Australia, New Guinea and Fiji already mentioned; second-hand Drovers were registered in the Western Pacific Islands (Solomon Islands) and operated by New Hebrides Airways Ltd. and Air Melanesiae in the New Hebrides, and others were registered in New Zealand and the United Kingdom in addition to further examples making their way to Fiji.

The final Drover built was modified in the late 1960s as an agricultural aircraft, flying for several years from Toowoomba, Queensland with a large hopper installed in the cabin. This Mk. 2 Drover is still airworthy in 2007 and is operated as VH-DHM from Wollongong Airport by the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society on behalf of Hawker de Havilland Aerospace, now a part of Boeing.

Despite the small number produced the Drover survives in healthy numbers; in addition to VH-DHM already mentioned another three are on the Australian civil aircraft register (as of August 2007), a Mk. 3 and two Mk. 2s. Another Mk. 2, a composite of the 10th and 17th aircraft built, is on display at the RFDS Base at Mount Isa, Queensland while one of the Mk. 3a aircraft (owned by the Powerhouse Museum) can be seen at the Australian Aviation Museum at Bankstown Airport. The Central Australian Aviation Museum at Alice Springs has a Mk. 3 in its collection. Another Mk. 2 is in a museum at Lasham in England and the Queensland Air Museum at Caloundra has the fuselages of two Mk. 3s.

Variants

* Drover Mk. 1: Manufactured with variable-pitch propellers.
* Drover Mk. 1F: Modified with fixed-pitch propellers.
* Drover Mk. 2: Modified with double-slotted flaps.
* Drover Mk. 3: Re-engined with three Lycoming O-360-A1A horizontally-opposed engines.
** Mk. 3a: Fitted with modified tailplane of increased span and dihedral.
** Mk. 3b: MTOW increased to 6,800 lb (3,087 kg).

Operators

;AUS
*Department of Civil Aviation
*Department of Health
*Qantas
*Royal Flying Doctor Service
*Trans Australia Airlines (TAA);FIJ
*Fiji Airways;flagicon|United Kingdom / flagicon|France New Hebrides
* New Hebrides Airways
* Air Melanesiae

pecifications (DHA-3 Mk. 2 Drover)

Aircraft specifications

plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=prop

crew=1
length main= 37 ft 0 in
length alt= 11.28 m
span main= 57 ft 0 in
span alt= 17.39 m
height main= 10 ft 9 in
height alt= 3.28 m
area main= 325 sq ft
area alt= 30.23 m²
empty weight main= 4,000 lb
empty weight alt= 1,815 kg
loaded weight main=
loaded weight alt=
max takeoff weight main= 6,500 lb
max takeoff weight alt= 2,950 kg
more general=

engine (prop)=De Havilland Gipsy Major Mk-10 4-cylinder inverted inline engine
number of props= 3
power main= 145 hp
power alt= 108 kW

max speed main= 137 knots
max speed alt= 157 mph, 253 km/h
cruise speed main= 108 knots
cruise speed alt= 125 mph, 201.4 km/h
range main= 890 miles
range alt= 780 nm, 1450 km
ceiling main=
ceiling alt=
climb rate main= 800ft/min
climb rate alt= 4.06m/s
loading main= 20 lb/ft²
loading alt= 97.59 kg/m²
power/mass main= 0.067 hp/lb
power/mass alt= 109.83 W/kg
more performance=

References

* "Airliners in Australian Service" Volume 1. Eric Allen. Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd. ISBN 1 875671 14 5
* "The Observer's Book of Civil Aircraft of Australia and New Zealand" Timothy & Elizabeth Hall. Methuen of Australia Pty. Ltd. ISBN 0 454 00075 8
* "The Historic Civil Aircraft Register of Australia" VH-AAA to VH-AZZ, VH-CAA to VH-CZZ and VH-DAA to VH-FZZ. Three volumes by Tony Arbon and David Sparrow. Privately published by David Sparrow and AustAirData, no ISBNs
* [http://www.hars.org.au/fleet/drover/index.html Drover VH-DHM] .
* [http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/DHA%20Drover%20unk.htm Civil Aviation Historical Society Drover page] .

External links

* [http://www.qam.com.au/collect.htm Queensland Air Museum Drovers]
* [http://powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/index.php?irn=92192&search=drover Powerhouse Museum Drover Mk. 3a]
* [http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/DHA%20Drover%20VH-DHA.htm Photo of the Prototype]
* [http://www1.airliners.net/search/photo.search?aircraft_genericsearch=De%20Havilland%20Australia%20DHA-3%20Drover&distinct_entry=true Airliners.net Drover photos]