Genetically modified food controversies

The genetically modified food controversy is a dispute over the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified (GM) food crops.

No documented health hazards have come to light since GM food was introduced in the U.S. (1994). Supporters of GM food argue that close to 150 governmental and/or industry-financed studies, and at least 47 peer reviewed articles in scientific journals have been published to attest to theoretical claims of safety. [ [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309092094/html/ NAS Report - Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects (2004) by Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) Institute of Medicine (IOM) Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources (BANR) Board on Life Sciences (BLS)] ] [ Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects (2004) REVIEW ARTICLE in Archives of Animal Nutrition February 2005; 59(1): 1 – 40 GERHARD FLACHOWSKY1, ANDREW CHESSON2, & KAREN AULRICH31Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany, 2College of Medical and Life Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK, and 3Institute of Organic Farming, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Trenthorst, Germany] ] [ [http://www.aspajournal.it/archivio/pdf_2004/2_2004/articolo-01.pdf Safety assessment and feeding value for pigs, poultry and ruminant animals of pest protected (Bt) plants and herbicide tolerant (glyphosate, glufosinate) plants: interpretation of experimental results observed worldwide on GM plants ITAL.J.ANIM.SCI. VOL. 3, 107-121, 2004 107Aimé Aumaitre (2004) INRA. Saint Gilles, France] ] [ [http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/peer-reviewed-pubs.html Peer Reviewed Publications on the Safety of GM Foods ] ]

Consumer rights groups, such as the Organic Consumers Association, [ [http://www.organicconsumers.org/ Organic Consumers Association ] ] and Greenpeace [ [http://www.truefoodnow.org/index.html True Food Now! ] ] claim the long term health risks which GM could pose, or that the risks of GM have not yet been adequately investigated.

afety disputes

Potentially dangerous corn

A controversy arose around biotech company Monsanto's data on a 90-Day Rat Feeding Study on the MON863 strain of GM corn. [Monsanto, 2002. 13-Week Dietary Subchronic Comparison Study with MON 863 Corn in RatsPreceded by a 1-Week Baseline Food Consumption Determination with PMI Certified Rodent Diet #5002 [http://www.monsanto.com/monsanto/content/products/technicalandsafety/fullratstudy.pdf] ] In May 2005, critics of GM foods pointed to differences in kidney size and blood composition found in this study, suggesting that the observed differences raises questions about the regulatory concept of substantial equivalence. [Séralini, G.E., Cellier, D., de Vendomois, J.,S., 2007. New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 52, 596-602.]

The raising of this issue prompted the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to reexamine the safety data on this strain of corn. The EFSA concluded that the observed small numerical decrease in rat kidney weights were not biologically meaningful, and the weights were well within the normal range of kidney weights for control animals. There were no corresponding microscopic findings in the relevant organ systems, and all blood chemistry and organ weight values fell within the "normal range of historical control values" for rats. [ [http://www.efsa.eu.int/science/gmo/statements/666/sr_gmo01_statement_study_mon863_en1.pdf Rat study] , European Food Safety Authority.] In addition the EFSA review found that the statistical methods used by Séralini et al in the analysis of the data were incorrect. [EFSA review of statistical analyses conducted for the assessment of the MON 863 90-day rat feeding study] [ [http://www.efsa.europa.eu/etc/medialib/efsa/science/scientific_reports/mon863_ratfeeding.Par.0001.File.dat/sc_rep_efsa_stat_review.pdf EFSA ::. EFSA review of statistical analyses conducted for the assessment of the MON 863 90-day rat feeding study ] ] The European Committee has approved the ΜΟΝ863 corn for animal and human consumption. [Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from the Commission related to the Notification (Reference C/DE/02/9) for the placing on the market of insect-protectedgenetically modified maize MON 863 and MON 863 x MON 810, for import and processing, under Part C of Directive 2001/18/EC from Monsanto, The EFSA Journal (2004) 49, 1-25 [http://www.efsa.europa.eu/etc/medialib/efsa/science/gmo/gmo_opinions/381.Par.0001.File.dat/opinion_gmo_06_en1.pdf] ]

Séralini et al have now completed a similar analysis of the NK603 strain of corn and have come to similar conclusions as they did in their previously discredited study. [Greenpeace - Europe Press Release [http://media-newswire.com/release_1052430.html] ]

Allergenicity

A gene for an allergenic trait has been transferred unintentionally from the Brazil nut into genetically engineered soybeans while intending to improve soybean nutritional quality for animal feed use. Brazil nuts were already known to produce food allergies in certain people prior to this study. In 1993 Pioneer Hi-Bred International developed a soybean variety with an added gene from the Brazil nut. This trait increased the levels in the GM soybean of the natural essential amino acid methionine, a protein building block commonly added to poultry feed to improve effective protein quality. Investigation of the GM soybeans revealed that they produced immunological reactions with people suffering from Brazil nut allergy, and the explanation for this is that the methionine rich protein chosen by Pioneer Hi-Bred is the major source of Brazil nut allergy. [ [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/334/11/688?ck=nck Identification of a Brazil-Nut Allergen in Transgenic Soybeans Julie A. Nordlee, M.S., Steve L. Taylor, Ph.D., Jeffrey A. Townsend, B.S., Laurie A. Thomas, B.S., and Robert K. Bush, M.D. NEJM Volume 334:688-692 March 14, 1996 Number 11] ] Pioneer Hi-Bred discontinued further development of the GM soybean and disposed of all material related to the modified soybeans.

This study indicates some of the possible risks of GM foods. In particular that there is no law or regulation in either the United States or Canada that required Pioneer Hi-Bred or any other company for testing for allergenicity or toxicity of GM foods prior to them being licensed to be grown and consumed in their respected countries. [Nestle, Marion. Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism, 2003, University of California Press]

Food allergy problems occur with many conventional foods, and Kiwi fruit, for instance, as a relatively new food in many communities, has become widely eaten despite provoking allergies in certain individuals.

Another allergy issue was published in November 2005, when a pest resistant field pea developed by the Australian CSIRO for use as a pasture crop was shown to cause an allergic reaction in mice.

Respected plant scientist Maarten J Chrispeels has made interesting comments about this example that illustrate how foods offer many different types of risks:

The recent Prescott et al paper in JFAC contains a very interesting study on the immunogenicity of amylase [starch digestion enzyme] inhibitor in its native form (isolated from beans) and expressed as a transgene in peas. First of all, amylase inhibitor is a food protein, but also a "toxic" protein because it inhibits our digestive amylases. This is one of the reasons you have to cook your beans! (The other toxic bean protein is phytohemagglutinin and it is much more toxic).

This particular amylase inhibitor is found in the common bean (other species have other amylase inhibitors). Even though it is a food protein, it is unlikely ever to be used for genetic engineering of human foods because it inhibits our amylases. What the results show is that the protein, when synthesized in pea cotyledons has a different immunogenicity than when it is isolated from bean cotyledons (the native form). This is somewhat surprising but may be related to the presence of slightly different carbohydrate chains. [ [http://www.agbioworld.org/newsletter_wm/index.php?caseid=archive&newsid=2446 Comments Australian GM Pea Research Maarten J. Chrispeels] ]

The immunologist who tested the pea noted that the episode illustrated the need for each new GM food to be very carefully evaluated for potential health effects. [ [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8347 GM pea causes allergic damage in mice] , NewScientist.com.]

Environmental and ecological impacts

There has been controversy over the results of a farm-scale trial in the United Kingdom comparing the impact of GM crops and conventional crops on farmland biodiversity. Some claimed that the results showed that GM crops had a significant negative impact on wildlife. They pointed out that the studies showed that using herbicide resistant GM crops allowed better weed control and that under such conditions there were fewer weeds and fewer weed seeds. This result was then extrapolated to suggest that GM crops would have significant impact on the wildlife that might rely on farm weeds. [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/science/story/0,12996,1443004,00.html Damning verdict on GM crop] , Guardian.]

In July 2005 British scientists showed that transfer of a herbicide-resistance gene from GM oilseed rape to a wild cousin, charlock, and wild turnips was possible. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/323383.stm Oilseed gene leak 'unsurprising'] , BBC News.]

Many agricultural scientists and food policy specialists view GM crops as an important element in sustainable food security and environmental management. [ [http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/125/1/174 Agricultural efficiency to save wilderness] ] This point of view is summarized in the ABIC Manifesto:

On our planet, 18% of the land mass is used for agricultural production. This fraction cannot be increased substantially. It is absolutely essential that the yield per unit of land increases beyond current levels given that: The human population is still growing, and will reach about nine billion by 2040;70,000 km² of agricultural land (equivalent to 60% of the German agricultural area) are lost annually to growth of cities and other non-agricultural uses; Consumer diets in developing countries are increasingly changing from plant-based proteins to animal protein, a trend that requires a greater amount of crop-based feeds. [ [http://www.agrometeorology.org/index.php?id=386 The ABIC 2004 Manifesto: Science Helps To Improve Agricultural Systems] ]

More skeptical scientists as Dr. Charles Benbrook point out that improvement of global food security is hardly being addressed by genetic research and that a lack of yield is often not caused by insufficient genetic resources. [ [http://www.biotech-info.net/AAASgen.html Who Controls and Who Will Benefit from Plant Genomics?] ] Regarding the issues of intellectual property and patent law, an international report from the year 2000 states:

If the rights to these tools are strongly and universally enforced - and not extensively licensed or provided pro bono in the developing world - then the potential applications of GM technologies described previously are unlikely to benefit the less developed nations of the world for a long time (ie until after the restrictions conveyed by these rights have expired). [ [http://www.agbios.com/docroot/articles/2000192-A.pdf Transgenic Plants and World Agriculture] ]

Public perception

Research by the Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology has shown that in 2005 Americans' knowledge of genetically modified foods and animals continues to remain low, and their opinions reflect that they are particularly uncomfortable with animal cloning. The Pew survey also showed that despite continuing concerns about GM foods, American consumers do not support banning new uses of the technology, but rather seek an active role from regulators to ensure that new products are safe. [ [http://pewagbiotech.org/research/2005update/ Public Sentiments About Genetically Modified Food] , The Pew Initiative.]

Only 2% of Britons are said to be "happy to eat GM foods", and more than half of Britons are against GM foods being available to the public, according to a 2003 study. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3134278.stm]

Interestingly, about 550 Amish farmers in Pennsylvania have adopted GM crops, because they allow for less intensive farming (fewer pesticides, etc.), are more productive (under most conditions), and do not conflict with the Amish lifestyle. [ [http://www.whybiotech.com/index.asp?id=3947 Amish Farmers Grow Biotech Tobacco, Potatoes] , Council for Biotechnology Information.]

Frankenfood

Opponents of genetically modified food often refer to it as "Frankenfood", after Mary Shelley's character Frankenstein and the monster he creates, in her novel of the same name. The term was coined in 1992 by Paul Lewis, an English professor at Boston College who used the word in a letter he wrote to the "New York Times" in response to the decision of the US Food and Drug Administration to allow companies to market genetically modified food. The term "Frankenfood" has become a battle cry of the European side in the US-EU agricultural trade war.Fact|date=November 2007

The authors of "The Frankenfood Myth" provide some support for genetically modified food: Henry I. Miller of Stanford's Hoover Institution and Gregory Conko of the Competitive Enterprise Institute make the case that foods modified by recombinant DNA splicing present no new or special dangers, but in fact may improve the lives of countless millions worldwide. [http://www.townhall.com/opinion/books_entertainment/reviews/KarenBurke/140934.html]

ee also

*Colony Collapse Disorder (affecting bees)
*International trade of genetically modified foods
*Ice-minus bacteria

References

Additional resources

*Garcia, Deborah Koons (Director). 2004. "The Future of Food" film

External links

* [http://madgyver.roboterbastler.de/index.php?id=71,0,0,1,0,0&permalink=7 What is so special about Gen Food?]
* [http://www.seedsofdeception.com/Public/Home/index.cfm Seeds of Deception] Seeds of Deception
* [http://www.soilassociation.org/seedsofdoubt Seeds of doubt: North American farmers' experiences of GM crops] Seeds of doubt: North American farmers' experiences of GM crops
* [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20071231/pentland_gumpert USDA Bets the Farm on Animal ID Program]
* [http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/WhoBenefitsPR2_13_08.cfm Genetically Modified Crops Increase Pesticide Use and Fail to Alleviate Poverty, Reveals New Report]
* [http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=9494 Monsanto has to Accept Full Responsibility for Genetic Contamination]