Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion (German: "Heinrich der Löwe"; 1129 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, which duchies he held until 1180.

He was one of the most powerful German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of his cousin Frederick I and of Frederick's son and successor Henry VI.

At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the North and Baltic Seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania. Henry achieved this great power in part by his political and military acumen and in part through the legacies of his four grandparents.

Biography

Born in Ravensburg, he was the son of Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, who was the son of Duke Henry the Black and an heiress of the Billungs, former dukes of Saxony. Henry's mother was Gertrud, only daughter of Emperor Lothair II and his wife Richenza of Northeim, heiress of the Saxon territories of Northeim and the properties of the Brunones, counts of Braunschweig.

Henry's father died in 1139, aged 32, when Henry was still a child. King Conrad III had dispossessed Henry the Proud, who had been his rival for the crown in 1138, of his duchies in 1138 and 1139, handing Saxony to Albert the Bear and Bavaria to Leopold of Austria. Henry, however, did not relinquish his claims to his inheritance, and Conrad returned Saxony to him in 1142. A participant in the 1147 Wendish Crusade, Henry also reacquired Bavaria by a decision of the new Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1156.

Henry is the founder of Munich (1157/58; "München") and Lübeck (1159); he also founded and developed the cities of Stade, Lüneburg and Braunschweig. In Braunschweig, his capital, he had a bronze lion, his heraldic animal, erected in the yard of his castle Dankwarderode in 1166 — the first bronze statue north of the Alps. Later, he had Brunswick Cathedral built close to the statue.In 1147 Henry married Clementia of Zähringen, thereby gaining her hereditary territories in Swabia. He divorced her in 1162, apparently under pressure from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who did not cherish Guelphish possessions in his home area and offered Henry several fortresses in Saxony in exchange. In 1168 Henry married Matilda (1156 -1189), the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and sister of Richard Lionheart.

Henry long and faithfully supported his older cousin, Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), in his attempts to solidify his hold on the Imperial Crown and his repeated wars with the cities of Lombardy and the Popes, several times turning the tide of battle in Frederick's favor with his fierce Saxon knights. But in 1174, Henry refused to aid Frederick in a renewed invasion of Lombardy because he was preoccupied with securing his own borders in the East. He did not consider these Italian adventures worth the effort, even after Frederick offered him the rich Imperial City of Goslar in southern Saxony as a reward, a prize Henry had long coveted. Barbarossa's expedition into Lombardy ended in utter failure. He bitterly resented Henry for failing to support him. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, who had successfully established a powerful and contiguous state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany, Frederick had Henry tried "in absentia" for insubordination by a court of bishops and princes in 1180. Declaring that Imperial law overruled traditional German law, the court had Henry stripped of his lands and declared him an outlaw. Frederick then invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to bring his cousin to his knees. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit in November 1181 at a Reichstag in Erfurt. He was exiled from Germany in 1182 for three years, stayed with his father-in-law, Henry II of England, in Normandy before being allowed back into Germany in 1185. He was exiled again in 1188. His wife Matilda died in 1189.

When Frederick Barbarossa went on the Crusade of 1189, Henry returned to Saxony, mobilized an army of his faithful, and conquered and ravaged the rich city of Bardowick as punishment for her disloyalty. Only the churches were left standing. Barbarossa's son, Emperor Henry VI, again defeated the Duke, but in 1194, with his end approaching, he made his peace with the Emperor, and returned to his much diminished lands around Braunschweig, where he finished his days as duke of Braunschweig, peacefully sponsoring arts and architecture. He died on 6 August 1195.

The picture at the top right, taken from his tomb in Brunswick Cathedral constructed between 1230 and 1240, shows an idealized image. When the Nazis exhumed his corpse, they were disappointed to find a comparatively small man with black hair. This, presumably, was an inheritance from the northern Italian ancestors of the Guelphs, the counts of Este. Fact|date=April 2007

Ancestors

Family

Henry had the following known children:

*by his first wife, Clementia (divorced 1162), daughter of Conrad, Duke of Zähringen and Clemence of Namur:
**Gertrude of Bavaria (1155-1197), married first Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, and then King Canute VI of Denmark
**Richenza (c. 1157 - 1167)

*by his second wife, Matilda, daughter of King Henry II of England (married 1168):
**Matilda (1171-1210), married Godfrey, Count of Perche, and Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy
**Richenza (1172-1204), was engaged to King Valdemar II of Denmark
**Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine (c. 1173-1227)
**Lothar of Bavaria (c. 1174-1190)
**Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Swabia (c. 1175-1218)
**William of Winchester (1184-1213)

Three other children are listed, by some sources, as having belonged to Henry and Matilda;
*Eleanor (born 1178); died young
*Ingibiorg (born 1180); died young
*Infant Son (b.&d. 1182)

*by his lover, Ida of Blieskastel:
**Matilda, married Henry Borwin I, Prince of Mecklenburg

References

* Benjamin Arnold, "Henry the Lion and His Time", "Journal of Medieval History", vol. 22, pp. 379-393 (1996)

* Karl Jordan, "Henry the Lion. A Biography", ISBN 0-19-821969-5

External links

* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/H/HenryL1io.asp Henry the Lion on Encyclopedia.com]
* [http://www.bartleby.com/65/he/HenryLio.html Henry the Lion. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-58109 The fall of Henry the Lion (from Germany) -- Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-2455 Deposition of Henry the Lion. (from Frederick I) -- Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [http://encarta.msn.com/media_461561791_761578474_1_1/Henry_the_Lion.html MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Henry the Lion]
* [http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%226109%22/height/%226109%22/url/%22http:%7B|%7D%7B|%7D137.248.186.134%7B|%7Dlba-cgi-local%7B|%7Dpic.sh%7B-%7Djpg%7B|%7DE711.jpg%22 Charter given by Henry to monastery Volkenroda, 31.1.1174] . Photograph taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden at Marburg University showing Henry's seal.

Persondata
NAME = Henry III
ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Heinrich der Löwe
SHORT DESCRIPTION = Ruler of Bavaria
DATE OF BIRTH = 1129
PLACE OF BIRTH = Ravensburg
DATE OF DEATH = 6 August 1195
PLACE OF DEATH = Braunschweig