Phocaea

: "This article is about the ancient city. For the modern city, see Foça"

Infobox Settlement
official_name = Phocaea (Φώκαια)
other_name = (Foça)


imagesize = 280px
image_caption = The theater of PhocaeaLocation map
Turkey
label=Phocaea
label_size=100
lat=38.673611
long=26.7475
marksize=9
position=right
width=300
float=right
caption=Phocaea, now Foça Phocaea, or Phokaia, ( _el. Φώκαια) (modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia. Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia [Pliny, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+3.5 3.5] .] (modern day Marseille, in France) in 600 BC, Emporion (modern day Empúries, in Catalonia, Spain) in 575 BC and Elea (modern day Velia, in Campania, Italy) in 540 BC.

Geography

Phocaea was the most northern of the Ionian cities, on the boundary with Aeolis. [Strabo, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.1.1 13.1.2] .] It was located near the mouth of the river Hermus (now Gediz), and situated on the coast of the peninsula separating the Gulf of Cyme to the north, named for the largest of the Aeolian cities, and the Gulf of Smyrna (now İzmir) to the south. It had two good harbors.

History

The ancient Greek geographer Pausanias says that Phocaea was founded by Phocians under Athenian leadership, on land given to them by the Aeolian Cymaeans, and that they were admitted into the Ionian League after accepting as kings the line of Codrus. [Pausanias, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+7.3.1 7.3.10] . See also, Herodotus, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.146.1 1.146.1] which mentions "Phocian renegades" as being among the settlers of Ionia.] Pottery remains indicate Aeolian presence as late as the 9th century BC, and Ionian presence as early as the end of the 9th century BC. From this an approximate date of settlement for Phocaea can be inferred. [Stillwell, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aid%3Dphokaia "Phokaia"] .]

According to Herodotus the Phocaeans were the first Greeks to make long sea-voyages, having discovered the coasts of the Adriatic, Tyrrhenia and Spain. Herodotus relates that they so impressed Arganthonios, king of Tartessus in Spain, that he invited them to settle there, and, when they declined, gave them a great sum of money to build a wall around their city. [Herodotus, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.163.1 1.163] .]

Their sea travel was extensive. To the south they probably conducted trade with the Greek colony of Naucratis in Egypt, which was the colony of their fellow Ionian city Miletus. To the north, they probably helped settle Amisos (Samsun) on the Black Sea, and Lampsacus at the north end of the Hellespont (now the Dardanelles). However Phocaea's major colonies were to the west. These included Alalia in Corsica, Emporion in Spain, and especially Massalia (Marseille) in France. [Stillwell, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aid%3Dphokaia "Phokaia"] .]

Phocaea remained independent until the reign of the Lydian king Croesus (circa 560–545 BC), when they, along with the rest of mainland Ionia, first, fell under Lydian control [Herodotus, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.6.1 1.6] .] and then, along with Lydia (who had allied itself with Sparta) were conquered by Cyrus the Great of Persia in 546 BC, in one of the opening skirmishes of the great Greco-Persian conflict.

Rather than submit to Persian rule, the Phocaeans abandoned their city. Some may have fled to Chios, others to their colonies on Corsica and elsewhere in the Mediterranean, with some eventually returning to Phocaea. Many however became the founders of Elea, around 540 BC. [For Herodotus' account of the flight of the Phocaeans, see: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+1.164.1 1.164–168] . See also Strabo, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+6.1.1 6.1.1] .]

In 500 BC, Phocaea joined the Ionian Revolt against Persia. Indicative of its naval prowess, Dionysius, a Phocaean was chosen to command the Ionian fleet at the decisive Battle of Lade, in 494 BC. [Herodotus, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+6.11.1 6.11-12] .] However, indicative of its declining fortunes, Phocaea was only able to contribute three ships, out of a total of "three hundred and fifty three". [Herodotus, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+6.8.1 6.8] .] The Ionian fleet was defeated and the revolt ended shortly thereafter.

After the defeat of Xerxes I by the Greeks in 480 BC and the subsequent rise of Athenian power, Phocaea joined the Delian League, paying tribute to Athens of two talents. [Stillwell, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aid%3Dphokaia "Phokaia"] .] In 412 BC, during the Peloponnesian War, with the help of Sparta, Phocaea rebelled along with the rest of Ionia. The Peace of Antalcidas, which ended the Corinthian War, returned nominal control to Persia in 367 BC.

In 343 BC, the Phocaeans unsuccessfully laid siege to Kydonia on the island of Crete. [ [http://letmespeaktothedriver.com/site/10881/cydonia.html#fieldnotes C. Michael Hogan, "Cydonia", The Modern Antiquarian, Jan. 23, 2008] .]

During the Hellenistic period it fell under Seleucid, then Attalid rule.

It was later briefly under the control of Benedetto Zaccaria, the Genoan ambassador to Byzantium; Zaccaria amassed a considerable fortune from his properties there. It remained a Genoese colony until it was taken by the Turks in 1455. [CathEncy|wstitle=Phocæa.] It is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. [CathEncy|wstitle=Phocæa.]

Coinage

Probably following the Lydians, the Phocaeans were among the earliest in the world to make and use coins as money. Its earliest coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold. The British Museum has a Phocaean coin containing the image of a seal dating from 600–550 BC. [In Greek, "phoce" (Φώκη) means "seal", [http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/e/electrum_stater_with_a_seal.aspx British Museum: "Electrum stater with a seal"] .]

Notes

References

*Herodotus, "The Persian Wars", Translated by A. D. Godley, (Loeb Classical Library, Nos. 117-120), Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press (1920) ISBN 0-674-99130-3 ISBN 0-674-99131-1 ISBN 0-674-99133-8 ISBN 0-674-99134-6. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+toc ]
*Pausanias, "Description of Greece", Books I-II, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918) ISBN 0-674-99104-4. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.1.1 ]
*Pliny the Elder, "The Natural History" (Eds. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.) London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. (1855). [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc ]
*Stillwell, Richard, "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites", (Editors: Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald and Marian Holland McAllister) (1976). ISBN 0-691-03542-3. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006;layout=;query=toc ]
*Strabo, "Geography", translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). Vol. 3, Books 6–7 ISBN 0674992016, Vol. 6, Books 13–14 ISBN 0674992466. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239 ]

External links

*British Museum:
** [http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/g/gold_ring_engraved_with_woman.aspx "Gold ring engraved with a woman at an altar", circa 350 BC, Phocaea]
** [http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/s/silver_stater,_with_a_turtle.aspx "Silver stater, with turtle", late 6th century BC]
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0040%3Ahead%3D%23214 Perseus Coin Catalog: "Dewing 2304", Phocaea, circa 477 BC–388 BC]
** [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/image?lookup=1990.26.0524 Obverse: Helmeted head of Athena, profile to the left; below, seal]
** [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/image?lookup=Perseus%3Aimage%3A1990.26.0525 Reverse: Quadripartite incuse square]
*"Catalog of Greek Coins of Ionia":
** [http://books.google.com/books?id=_WsCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR21&dq=Phocaea#PPT14,M1 Plate IV: Ionian Electrum, Phocaea, 6th, 5th and 4th century BC]
** [http://books.google.com/books?id=_WsCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR21&dq=Phocaea#PPT16,M1 Plate V: Ionian Electrum, Phocaea, 5th and 4th century BC]