Mixed martial arts rules

Most rule sets for mixed martial arts competitions have evolved since the early days of vale tudo. As the knowledge about fighting techniques spread among fighters and spectators, it became clear that the original minimalist rule systems needed to be amended. As rules evolved and regulations added, different branches of mixed martial arts have emerged, with differences between the different rulesets dictating different strategies. Similarly, shoot wrestling organizations, such as Shooto, expanded their rulesets to integrate elements of vale tudo into their sport. However, for the most part, fighters accustomed to one ruleset can easily acclimate to a different ruleset, as the basics of fighting remain largely the same.

The most prevalent rule-set in the world being used currently is the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts, a set of rules that has been adopted by all state athletic commissions in the United States that regulate mixed martial arts and is used most notably in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. The Unified Rules are the de facto rules for mixed martial arts in the United States, and have been adopted by other promotions and jurisdictions worldwide. Other notable sets include Shooto's, which were the first to mandate padded gloves, and PRIDE rules, after PRIDE Fighting Championships, which were also adopted by other promotions worldwide.

Evolution

Some main motivations for these rule changes included:

• Protection of the health of the fighters: This goal was partially motivated to clear the stigma of "barbaric, no rules, fighting-to-the-death" matches that MMA obtained because of its vale tudo and no holds barred roots. It also helps athletes avoid injuries which would otherwise hamper the training regimens that improve skill and ability and lead to better fights in the future.
• Providing spectacle for spectators.

Weight classes emerged when knowledge about submission holds spread. When more fighters became well-versed in submission techniques and avoiding submissions

Headbutts were prohibited because it was a technique that required little effort and could quickly turn the match into a bloody mess. Headbutting was common among wrestlers because their skill in takedowns allowed them to quickly transfer bouts to the ground where they could assault opponents with headbutts while not being required to alter their position.

Small, open-finger gloves were introduced to protect fists in punches while still allowing for effective grappling. Gloves were first mandatory in Japan's Shooto league, but are now mandatory in matches for nearly every promotion. Although some fighters may have well conditioned fists, others may not. The small bones in an unprotected and unconditioned fist are prone to break when it hits a torso or forehead with power. Gloves also reduce the occurrence of cuts (and stoppages due to cuts) and encourage fighters to use their hands for striking, both of which enable more captivating matches.

Time limits were established to avoid long fights on the ground with little perceivable action. No time limit matches also complicated the airing of live events. Similar motivations produced the "stand up" rule, where the referee can stand fighters up if it is perceived both are resting on the ground or are not advancing toward a dominant position.

Common rules

The following describes some rules commonly found in MMA competition today.

Ways to victory

• Knockout (KO): as soon as a fighter becomes unconscious due to strikes, his opponent is declared the winner. As MMA rules allow ground fighting, the fight is stopped to prevent further injury to an unconscious fighter.
• Technical Knockout (TKO)
  • Referee Stoppage: the referee may stop a match in progress if:
    • a fighter becomes dominant to the point where the opponent is unable to intelligently defend himself from attacks, which may occur as quickly as a few seconds;
    • a fighter appears to have developed a severe injury: the referee will call for a time out if a fighter's ability to continue is in question as a result of apparent injuries, such as a large cut. The ring doctor will inspect the fighter and stop the match if the fighter is deemed unable to continue safely, rendering the opponent the winner. However, if the match is stopped as a result of an injury from illegal actions by the opponent, either a disqualification or no contest will be issued instead.
  • Corner stoppage: a fighter's corner men may announce defeat on the fighter's behalf by throwing in the towel during the match in progress or between rounds.
  • Retirement: if a fighter feels unable to continue after the conclusion of a round, s/he may inform or have the corner inform the referee that s/he forfeits the match to his opponent.
• Submission: a fighter may admit defeat during a match by:
  • a tap on the opponent's body;
  • a tap on the mat or floor;
  • verbal announcement.
• Technical Submission: a referee may intervene and call a stop to the contest when:
  • a fighter appears to be unconscious from a grappling hold;
  • a fighter appears to have suffered a serious injury from a grappling hold.
• Decision: if the match goes the distance, then the outcome of the bout is determined by three judges. The judging criteria are organization-specific.
  • Unanimous Decision: if all three judges on the panel score a bout unanimously in favor of one fighter
  • Split Decision: if two judges on the panel score a bout in favor of one fighter, with one judge scoring the bout in favor of the other
  • Majority Decision: if two judges on the panel score a bout in favor of one fighter, with one judge scoring the bout a draw
  • Draw: if all three judges on the panel score a bout unanimously in favor of neither fighter.
  • Split Draw: if one judge on the panel score a bout in favor of one fighter, the second in favor of his opponent, and the third in favor of neither fighter
  • Majority Draw: if two judges score the bout a draw, with one judge scoring the bout in favor of one fighter
• Technical Decision: if a fighter behind or even on points commits an intentional foul during the course of the match, and the opponent is unable to continue due to the injury or injuries inflicted by the foul at any subsequent point in the fight, the match is stopped and awarded to injured fighter
• Technical Draw: if a fighter ahead on points commits an intentional foul during the course of the match, and the opponent is unable to continue due to the injury or injuries inflicted by the foul at any subsequent point in the fight, the match is stopped and awarded to injured fighter
• Forfeit: a fighter or his representative may forfeit a match prior to the beginning of the match, thereby losing the match.
• Disqualification: a "warning" will be given when a fighter commits a foul or illegal action or does not follow the referee's instruction. Three warnings will result in a disqualification. Moreover, if a fighter is injured and unable to continue due to a deliberate illegal technique from his opponent, the opponent will be disqualified.
• No Contest: in the event that both fighters commit a violation of the rules, or a fighter is unable to continue due to an injury from an accidental illegal technique, the match will be declared a "No Contest".

Fouls

The following acts are universally considered fouls in the mixed martial arts world:

1. Headbutting
2. Eye gouging
3. Hair pulling
4. Spitting
5. Biting
6. Fish-hooking
7. Attacking the groin
8. Strikes to the back of the head and spinal area (see rabbit punch)
9. Strikes to, or grabs of the trachea
10. Small joint manipulation (control of three or more fingers/toes is necessary)
11. Intentionally throwing your opponent out of the ring/cage
12. Running out of the ring/cage
13. Purposely holding the ring ropes or cage fence
14. Grabbing or putting a hand inside the trunks or gloves of the opponent
15. Pulling or holding onto an opponent's gloves or trunks

Weight classes

Main article: Mixed martial arts weight classes

Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts

In April 2000, the California State Athletic Commission, voted unanimously in favor of regulations that later became the foundation for the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts. However when the legislation was sent to California's capital for review, it was determined that the sport fell outside the jurisdiction of the CSAC, rendering the vote superfluous.^[1]

In September 2000, the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board began to allow mixed martial arts promoters to conduct events in New Jersey. The intent was to allow the NJSACB to observe actual events and gather information to establish a comprehensive set of rules to effectively regulate the sport.^[2]

On April 3, 2001, the NJSACB held a meeting to discuss the regulation of mixed martial arts events. This meeting attempted to unify the myriad of rules and regulations which have been utilized by the different mixed martial arts organizations. At this meeting, the proposed uniform rules were agreed upon by the NJSACB, several other regulatory bodies, numerous promoters of mixed martial arts events and other interested parties in attendance. At the conclusion of the meeting, all parties in attendance were able to agree upon a uniform set of rules to govern the sport of mixed martial arts.^[2]

The rules adopted by the NJSACB have become the de facto standard set of rules for professional mixed martial arts across North America. All state, provincial, & municipal athletic commissions that regulate mixed martial arts have assimilated these rules into their existing unarmed combat competition rules and statutes. For a promotion to hold mixed martial arts events in a sanctioned venue, the promotion must abide by the commission's body of rules.

On July 30, 2009, a motion was made at the annual meeting of the Association of Boxing Commissions to adopt these rules as the "Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts". The motion passed unanimously.^[3]

Rounds

Every round is 5 minutes in duration with a one minute rest period in-between rounds. Non-title matches must not exceed three rounds (The governing commission can grant dispensation for non-title five round bouts^[4][5]). Title matches can be sanctioned for five rounds.^[2]

Attire

All competitors must fight in approved shorts, without shoes or any other sort of foot padding. Shirts, gis or long pants (including gi pants) are not allowed. Fighters must use approved light gloves (4-6 ounces) that allow fingers to grab. A mouthguard and protective cup are also required and is checked by a State Athletic Committee official before being allowed to enter the cage/ring.^[2]

Judging criteria

The ten-point must system is in effect for all fights. Three judges score each round and the winner of each receives ten points, the loser nine points or less. If the round is even, both fighters receive ten points. In New Jersey, the fewest points a fighter can receive is 7.^[2]

Fouls

As set out by the Association of Boxing Commissions:^[6]

• Holding or grabbing the fence
• Holding opponent’s shorts or gloves
• Butting with the head
• Eye gouging of any kind
• Biting or spitting at an opponent
• Hair pulling
• Fish hooking
• Groin attacks of any kind
• Intentionally placing a finger into any orifice, or into any cut or laceration of your opponent
• Downward pointing of elbow strikes (see Elbow strike)
• Small joint manipulation
• Strikes to the spine or back of the head (see Rabbit punch)
• Heel kicks to the kidney
• Throat strikes of any kind, including, without limitation, grabbing the trachea
• Clawing, pinching, twisting the flesh or grabbing the clavicle
• Kicking the head of a grounded opponent
• Kneeing the Head of a grounded opponent
• Stomping of a grounded fighter
• The use of abusive language in fighting area
• Any unsportsmanlike conduct that causes an injury to opponent
• Attacking an opponent on or during the break
• Attacking an opponent who is under the care of the referee
• Timidity (avoiding contact, or consistent dropping of mouthpiece, or faking an injury)
• Interference from a mixed martial artists seconds
• Throwing an opponent out of the ring or caged area
• Flagrant disregard of the referee’s instructions
• Spiking an opponent to the canvas on his or her head or neck (see Piledriver)
• Attacking an opponent after the bell has sounded the end of the period of unarmed combat

When a foul is charged, the referee in their discretion may deduct one or more points as a penalty. If a foul incapacitates a fighter, then the match may end in a disqualification if the foul was intentional, or a no contest if unintentional. If a foul causes a fighter to be unable to continue later in the bout, it ends with a technical decision win to the injured fighter if the injured fighter is ahead on points, otherwise it is a technical draw.

Medical Requirements

• Contestants shall complete all pre-licensure medical examinations and tests required by the jurisdiction licensing the contest.
• The jurisdiction licensing the contest shall conduct or supervise all pre-contest weigh-ins and may hold or supervise a rules meeting for all contestants and their cornermen.
• Post-Contest medical examination.
  • Immediately following a contest, each contestant shall be given a medical examination by a physician appointed by the commission. The medical examination may include any examinations or tests the commission deems necessary to determine the post-contest physical fitness of a contestant.
  • Any contestant who refuses to submit to a post-contest medical examination shall be immediately suspended for an indefinite period.^[7]

Prohibited Substances

• Use of Prohibited Substances
  • The use of any illegal drug, narcotic, stimulant, depressant, or analgesic of any description, or alcohol substance, by a contestant either before or during a match, shall result in the immediate disqualification of the contestant from the match and disciplinary action in accordance with the commission licensing the contest.

• Detection of Prohibited Substances
  • In order to detect the presence of any prohibited substance, a contestant shall submit to any pre-contest or post-contest urinalysis or other laboratory procedure that is ordered by the physician appointed by the commission. Refusal to submit to such testing shall result in the immediate disqualification of the contestant from the match and an indefinite suspension from the sport of mixed martial arts.

• Urinalysis:
  • All contestants may be ordered to complete a pre-contest urinalysis exam to detect the presence of any drug.
  • In addition to a pre-contest analysis, the local commission may, at its discretion, decide to test for the presence of performance enhancing drugs and thereby require additional urine specimens to be produced at any time after the completion of the contest.
  • Collection of specimens for urinalysis testing shall be conducted or supervised by a commission official. Refusal to submit to such testing shall result in the immediate disqualification of the contestant from the match and an indefinite suspension from the sport of mixed martial arts.^[7]

PRIDE Fighting Championships (defunct)

Historically, PRIDE's rules differed between main PRIDE events and Bushido events.^[8] However, it was announced on November 29, 2006, that Bushido events would be discontinued.^[9] When holding events in the US, PRIDE abided by the Unified Rules, but added the prohibition against elbows to the head.

Rounds

The first round is ten minutes in duration and the second and third rounds are five minutes in duration. There is a two minute rest period between each round. Grand Prix matches are two rounds in length if more than one round is scheduled on one night.

Attire

PRIDE allows fighters latitude in their choice of attire but open finger gloves, a mouthguard and a protective cup are mandatory. It is within a fighter's discretion to tape parts of their body but you can not wear a gi top, gi pants, wrestling shoes, kneepads, elbow pads, shin guards or ankle supports.

Judging criteria

If the match reaches its time limit then the outcome of the bout is determined by the three judges. The fight is scored in its entirety and not round-by-round. After the conclusion of the bout, each judge must decide a winner. Matches cannot end in a draw. A decision is made according to the following criteria in this order of priority:

1. the effort made to finish the fight via KO or submission,
2. damage given to the opponent,
3. standing combinations and ground control,
4. takedowns and takedown defense,
5. aggressiveness, and
6. weight (in the case that the weight difference is 10 kg/22 lb or more).

If a fight is stopped on advice of the ring doctor after an accidental but illegal action, e.g., a clash of heads, and the contest is in its second or third round, the match will be decided by the judges using the same criteria.

Legal techniques

PRIDE allowed the following techniques:

• Stomps to a grounded opponent.
• Soccer kicks to the head of a grounded opponent.
• Knees to the head of a grounded opponent.

Fouls

In addition to the common fouls, PRIDE Fighting Championships considers elbow strikes to the head and face to be fouls.

In the event that a fighter is injured by illegal actions, then at the discretion of the referee and ring doctor, the round is resumed after enough time has been given for the fighter to recover. If the match cannot be continued due to the severity of the injury then the fighter who perpetrated the action will be disqualified.

General conduct

• If both fighters are on the verge of falling out of the ring or become entangled in the ropes, the referee will stop the action. The fighters must immediately stop their movements and will then be repositioned in the center of the ring in the same position. Once they are comfortably repositioned, they resume at the referee's instruction.
• If fighters commit the following actions, they shall be given a yellow card by officials: Stalling or failure to initiate any offensive attack, making no attempt to finalize the match or damage the opponent, and holding the opponent's body with the arms and legs to produce a stalemate. A yellow card results in a 10% deduction/fine of the fighter's fight purse.

Bushido rules

PRIDE Bushido events instituted distinct variations to the full PRIDE rules:

• Bushido bouts consist of two rounds; the first lasting ten minutes and the second lasting five. Intermissions between each round remain two minutes in length.
• In full PRIDE rules, a total of three yellow cards results in a red card (disqualification). In Bushido, yellow cards can be given out in an unlimited number without disqualification.

PRIDE discontinued Bushido events in late-2006 and their rules were last used for lightweight and welterweight fights at PRIDE Shockwave 2006.^[9][10] As the lightweight and welterweight divisions will now be on the main PRIDE shows, the rules for the lighter classes are also changing to reflect standard PRIDE rules.^[11]

Other mixed martial arts promotions

Shooto

• Uses A, B, and C levels. The C level is considered for amateurs only.
• Every level has its own rules and restrictions.
• The C level rules require headgear to be worn and prohibit striking on the ground.
• In case of a knockdown (when any part of a competitor's body touches the mat solely as the result of a strike) the referee will perform a 10-count. The competitor has until the count of 10 to return to a standing position. Three knock downs in a single round will end the bout. There is also a mandatory standing 8-count.

ZST

• Uses two 5-minute rounds.
• Does not use judges. The fight is declared a draw if there is no KO, TKO, Submission.
• Allows elbow and knee strikes only if they are covered by padding.
• Does not allow attacking head with strikes when one fighter is in downed position.

K-1 Hero's

(defunct)

• Uses two 5-minute rounds, with an extra round option should the judges be unable to determine a clear winner of the fight.
• Prohibits elbow strikes to the head, kicking by a fighter in the standing position to the face and head of a fighter in the ground position (When both fighters are in the ground position, kicking to the face and head of the opponent fighter is allowed). Knee kicking to the face and head of a fighter in the state of any ground position including 4-point position etc. is also illegal.
• Has moved to a tournament format similar to that seen in K-1, with an eight man tournament. However, the final matches are not decided on the same evening, but at later events.

Cage or ring

MMA is often referred to as "cage fighting" in the US as it is associated with the UFC's octagonal caged fighting area. Most major MMA promotions in the US, Canada and Britain use the "cage" as a result of directly evolving from the first UFC events. There are variations on the cage such as replacing the metal fencing with a net, or using a different shape for the area other than an octagon, as the term "The Octagon" is trademarked by the UFC (though the 8-sided shape itself is not trademarked). In Japan, Brazil and some European countries such as the Netherlands an area similar to a standard boxing ring is used, but with tighter ropes and sometimes a barrier underneath the lowest rope to keep grappling athletes from rolling out of the ring. The usage of the ring in these countries is derived from the history of Vale Tudo, Japanese pro-wrestling and other MMA related sports such as kickboxing.

The choice of cage or ring is more than aesthetic however, as it impacts the type of strategies that a fighter can implement. For example, a popular and effective strategy in a cage is to pin an opponent into the area where the fence meets the mat, and then pummel him with strikes. Randy Couture is well known for this tactic. Defensively, the cage is often used as support to fend off take-down attempts, or as a support to get from underneath and opponent (known as "walking up the cage"). These positions are not possible in a roped ring. On the other hand, the roped ring can result in entangled limbs and fighters falling through the ropes, requiring the referee to sometimes stop the fight and reposition the fighters in the center, as well as carrying the possibility for either fighter to sustain an injury. In either a cage or ring, a fighter is not allowed to grab the fence or ropes. Some critics feel that the appearance of fighting in a cage contributes to a negative image of MMA in popular media.

The following table shows what each MMA organization uses:

Organization	Cage or Ring	Primary Event Location
UFC	8 Sided Cage	USA
WEC	8 Sided Cage (Had previously used a 5-sided cage)	USA
Strikeforce	6 Sided Cage	USA
Bellator FC	Circular Cage	USA
King of the Cage	8 Sided Cage	USA
EliteXC	8 Sided Cage (Has used circular cage)	USA
Affliction Entertainment	Ring	USA
IFL	Ring (Had intended to use a 6-sided ring before its bankruptcy)	USA
XFC	8 Sided Cage	USA
Dream	Ring (Has used 6 sided cage)	Japan
World Victory Road	Ring	Japan
Pride FC	Ring	Japan
ZST	Ring	Japan
DEEP	Ring	Japan
K-1 Hero's	Ring	Japan
MFC	Ring (Has used a circular cage)	Canada
KSW	Ring	Poland
Cage Rage	9 Sided Cage	UK
BAMMA	8 Sided Cage	UK
M-1 Global	Ring	Russia / Europe
CFC	6 Sided Cage	Australia
Legend FC	Ring	Hong Kong
EFC Africa	6 Sided Cage	South Africa
Art of War FC	Ring	China
URCC	Ring	Philippines
ADFC	Circular Cage	United Arab Emirates
RESPECT.FC	Ring	Germany
Jungle Fight	Ring (Has used a cage)	Brazil

Government regulation

In the U.S., state athletic and boxing commissions have played a crucial role in the introduction of safety rules because they oversee MMA in similar ways as they do for boxing. Small shows usually use more restrictive rules because they have less experienced fighters who are looking to acquire experience and exposure that could ultimately lead them to getting recruited into one of the larger, better paying promotions. In Japan and Europe, there is no regulating authority over MMA competitions, so these organizations have greater freedom in rules development and event structure. In general, a balanced set of rules with some organization-specific variances has been established and is widely used, and major rule changes are unlikely, allowing for fighters in one organization to transition to others easily.

See also

• Combat sport

References

1. ^ Gross, Josh (2005-02-22). "MMA Vote Takes Place Today in California". Sherdog.com. http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/MMA-Vote-Takes-Place-Today-in-California-2462. Retrieved 2011-05-17. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Mixed Martial arts Unified Rules of Conduct". New Jersey State Athletic Control Board. 2002-09-05. http://www.state.nj.us/lps/sacb/docs/martial.html. Retrieved 2011-05-19. 
3. ^ "SUMMARY REPORT Discussion and Review of UNIFIED RULES OF MIXED MARTIAL ARTS". ABCBoxing.com. http://www.abcboxing.com/unified_mma_rules.html. Retrieved 2011-05-17. 
4. ^ Chiappetta, Mike (2011-04-29). "Dana White: Non-Title, Five-Round Fights in UFC's Immediate Future". MMAFighting.com. http://www.mmafighting.com/2011/04/29/dana-white-non-title-five-round-fights-in-ufcs-immediate-futu/. Retrieved 2011-05-19. 
5. ^ Botter, Jeremy (2009-08-19). "Five-round non title fights approved by NSAC". InsideFights.com. http://insidefights.com/2009/08/19/five-round-non-title-fights-approved-by-nsac/. Retrieved 2011-05-19. 
6. ^ "UNIFIED RULES OF MMA". ABCBoxing.com. http://www.abcboxing.com/unified_mma_rules.html. Retrieved 2011-05-19. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "MIXED MARTIAL ARTS - UNIFIED RULES". MMAReferee.com. http://www.mmareferee.com/faq.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-19. 
8. ^ PRIDE rules, Official PRIDE site. Last retrieved December 5, 2006
9. ^ ^{a b} PRIDE MAKING BIG CHANGES IN 2007, MMAWeekly.com. Last retrieved December 5, 2006
10. ^ ""Shockwave" to Feature PRIDE- and Bushido-Rules Bouts". Sherdog.com. 2006-12-29. http://www.sherdog.com/news/news.asp?n_id=6364. Retrieved 2006-12-31. 
11. ^ Al Yu (2007-01-08). "PRIDE 2007: "The Year of Change and Challenge"". MMAWeekly. http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=3234&zoneid=13.