United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994

United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1994

1988 ← November 8, 1994 → 2000

Nominee Ted Kennedy Mitt Romney Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,265,997 894,000 Percentage 58.07% 41.01%

County Results

Senator before election Ted Kennedy Democratic Elected Senator Ted Kennedy Democratic

The 1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on November 8, 1994. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy won re-election.

Republican primary

Candidates

• Mitt Romney, CEO of Bain Capital and son of former Michigan Governor George W. Romney^[1]
• John Lakian, founder and chairman of Fort Hill Group, Inc.

Campaign

Romney was initially behind businessman John Lakian in the battle to win the Massachusetts Republican Party's nomination for the U.S. Senate.^[2] However, after using his personal wealth to advertise heavily on television, he gained overwhelming support at the state party convention.^[2]

Romney then defeated Lakian easily in the September 1994 Republican Party primary with over 80 percent of the vote.^[3][4]

Results

Massachusetts United States Senate Republican primary, 1994 [5]
Party		Candidate	Votes	Percentage
	Republican	Mitt Romney	188,280	82.04%
	Republican	John Lakian	40,898	17.82%
		Others	318	0.14%
Totals			229,496	100%

General election

Candidates

Major

• Ted Kennedy (D), incumbent U.S. Senator elected in 1962 and reelected in 1964, 1970, 1976, 1982, and 1988. He also ran for president in 1980.
• Mitt Romney (R), CEO of Bain & Company and son of former Governor George W. Romney^[1]

Minor

• William A. Ferguson (LaRouche Was Right)
• Mary Fridley (Libertarian)

Campaign

In the general election, Kennedy faced the first serious re-election challenger of his career in the young, telegenic, and very well funded Romney.^[6] Romney ran as a successful entrepreneur and Washington outsider with a strong family image and moderate stands on social issues.^[6] After two decades out of public view, his father George re-emerged during the campaign.^[7][8] George Romney had urged Mitt to enter the race and moved into his son's house for its duration, serving as an unofficial advisor.^[1][9]

Kennedy was more vulnerable than usual in 1994, in part because of the unpopularity of the Democratic Congress as a whole and also because this was Kennedy's first election since the William Kennedy Smith trial in Florida, in which Kennedy had taken some public relations hits regarding his character.^[6] Kennedy was saddled not only with his recent past but the 25th anniversary of the Chappaquiddick incident and his first wife Joan Bennett Kennedy seeking a renegotiated divorce settlement.^[6]

Some early polls showed Romney close to Kennedy. By mid-September 1994, polls showed the race to be even.^[6][10] One Boston Herald/WCVB-TV poll taken after the September 20, 1994 primary showed Romney ahead 44 percent to 42 percent, within the poll's sampling margin of error.^[11] In another September poll, Romney had a 43 to 42 percent lead.^[12] President Bill Clinton traveled to Massachusetts to campaign for Kennedy.^[13]

Religion became an issue for a while, after Kennedy's campaign said it was fair to ask Romney about his LDS Church's past policy of not allowing blacks into the priesthood.^[4] Romney accused Kennedy of having violated Senator John F. Kennedy's famous September 1960 pledge not to allow his own Catholic doctrine to inform policy, made during his ultimately victorious presidential campaign.^[4] George Romney forcefully interjected during his son's press conference, "I think it is absolutely wrong to keep hammering on the religious issues. And what Ted is trying to do is bring it into the picture."^[4]

After Romney touted his business credentials and his record at creating jobs within his company, Kennedy ran campaign ads showing an Indiana company, Ampad, bought out by Romney's firm, Bain Capital. They showed interviews with its union workers who had been fired and who criticized Romney for the loss of their jobs, with one saying, "I don’t think Romney is creating jobs because he took every one of them away."^[14] Romney claimed that 10,000 jobs were created because of his work at Bain, but private detectives hired by Kennedy found a factory bought by Bain Capital that had suffered a 350-worker strike after Bain had cut worker pay and benefits.^[15] Kennedy's charges were effective, as more voters decided that Romney was interested in profits more than people.^[4]

Kennedy's attack ads also focused both on Romney's shifting political views;^[6][16] although both Kennedy and Romney supported the abortion rights established under Roe v. Wade, Kennedy accused Romney of being "multiple choice" on the issue, rather than "pro choice."^[17] Romney said his stance dated back to his mother, Lenore Romney, and her position during her 1970 U.S. Senate campaign: "My mother and my family have been committed to the belief that we can believe as we want, but we will not force our beliefs on others on that matter. And you will not see me wavering on that."^[4] Nevertheless, women's groups and Democrats viewed Romney's position with suspicion.^[4] (In subsequent years, Romney became pro-life and opposed Roe.^[18])

Kennedy's campaign ran short on money, and belying his image as endlessly wealthy, he was forced to take out a second mortgage on his Virginia home.^[19] Romney spent over $7 million of his own money, with Kennedy spending more than $10 million from his campaign fund, mostly in the last weeks of the campaign (this was the second-most expensive race of the 1994 election cycle, after the Dianne Feinstein–Michael Huffington Senate race in California).^[20] Kennedy's new wife Vicki Reggie Kennedy proved to be a strong asset in campaigning.^[10]

By early October, Kennedy was ahead by 49 to 44 percent in a Boston Globe poll.^[4] In their first televised debate, Kennedy came out charging with his aging but still booming voice; regarding the Ampad deal, he said to Romney, "I don't know why you wouldn't meet with the strikers with that flimflam deal of yours out there in Indiana."^[4] Romney charged that Kennedy had benefited from a real-estate deal that had been done on a no-bid basis, but Kennedy responded with a rehearsed line: "Mr. Romney, the Kennedys are not in public service to make money. We have paid too high a price in our commitment to the public service of this country."^[4] Each candidate was asked to discuss one of their own failings. In a dramatic moment, Kennedy indirectly referred to his personal problems and acknowledged that he was "painfully aware" that on such occasions he had let his supporters down. By contrast, Romney mentioned work for several local charities he was engaged with on a near daily basis. When the moderator reminded him of the question, Romney responded "I guess what I regret is that I'm not able to provide even more help for those less fortunate than myself.... I wish I could do even more." Kennedy won this key debate as he reconnected with his traditional bases of support.^[6] One post-debate October poll showed Kennedy leading in the polls 50 percent to 32,^[15] and another by 56 to 36 percent.^[4]

Polling

Pollster	Date	Kennedy	Romney	Unsure	M.o.E.
Boston Globe/WBZ-TV	July 24, 1994 [21]	50%	34%	16%
Boston Globe/WBZ-TV	September 25, 1994 [22]	48%	46%	6%	+/- 5%
Opinion Dynamics of Cambridge	October 27, 1994 [23]	52%	33%	15%	+/- 5%

Results

In the November general election, despite a very bad result for Democrats overall, Kennedy won re-election by a 58 percent to 41 percent margin,^[24] the closest re-election race of his career; only his initial victory in the 1962 Senate special election in Massachusetts was closer.^[25]

Massachusetts United States Senate election, 1994
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Edward M. Kennedy	1,265,997	58.07	-6.90
	Republican	Mitt Romney	894,000	41.01	+7.08
	Libertarian	Mary Fridley	14,484	0.66	+0.15
	LaRouche Was Right	William A. Ferguson, Jr.	4,776	0.22	+0.22
		Others	688	0.03	+.02
Total votes			2,179,945	71.54%

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Kirkpatrick, David D. (December 18, 2007). "For Romney, a Course Set Long Ago". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/18/us/politics/18romney.html. Retrieved December 19, 2007. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 124, 126–127.
3. ^ "Romney will oppose Sen. Kennedy in Nov.". Providence Journal. Associated Press: p. B1. September 21, 1994. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Swidey, Niel; Ebbert, Stephanie (June 27, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 4: Journeys of a shared life: Raising sons, rising expectations bring unexpected turns". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part4_main/. 
5. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=242915
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Kahn, Joseph P. (2009-02-19). "Chapter 5: Trials & Redemptions: An untidy private life, then a turn to stability". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2009/02/19/chapter_5_trials__redemption/. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
7. ^ Rimer, Sara (September 29, 1994). "Religion Is Latest Volatile Issue to Ignite Kennedy Contest". The New York Times: p. A22. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/29/us/1994-campaign-massachusetts-religion-latest-volatile-issue-ignite-kennedy.html. 
8. ^ Cooper, Michael (November 6, 1994). "Massachusetts The Last Weekend: Senate Races Where the Battle Has Been Intense; Romney Eclectic In Final Sprint". The New York Times: p. 26. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/06/us/1994-campaign-massachusetts-last-weekend-senate-races-where-battle-has-been.html. 
9. ^ Martelle, Scott (December 25, 2007). "Romney's running mate - His father, an admired public servant undone by an offhand comment, is both a role model and cautionary example". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/25/nation/na-romneydadson25. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Rimer, Sarah (1994-09-24). "Kennedy's Wife Is Giving Him a Political Advantage in a Difficult Contest". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00EEDF123AF937A1575AC0A962958260. 
11. ^ Gordon, Al."Kennedy in Fight Of His Political Life" Newsday (Nassau and Suffoklk edition), pg. A04, October 2, 1994; retrieved October 29, 2006.
12. ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1999). The Almanac of American Politics. Washington, DC: National Journal. pp. 771. ISBN 0-8129-3194-7. 
13. ^ Ruth Marcus, "Clinton Gets a Sense of the Real Thing; Kennedy and Massachusetts Democrats Put on a Campaign Rally", Washington Post (1994-10-21): “Clinton stumped for a group of Massachusetts Democrats but concentrated his efforts on Kennedy, who is in the closest race of his career. His challenger is Republican businessman Mitt Romney.”
14. ^ Hall, Mike (May 31, 2007). "Romney’s ‘Business Experience’: Firing Workers, Hiring Them Back at Lower Wages". AFL/CIO (AFL/CIO Blog). http://blog.aflcio.org/2007/05/31/romneys-business-experience-firing-workers-hiring-them-back-at-lower-wages/. Retrieved 2007-06-17. 
15. ^ ^{a b} Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1999). The Almanac of American Politics. Washington, DC: National Journal. pp. 772. ISBN 0-8129-3194-7. 
16. ^ Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 141–142.
17. ^ R. W. Apple Jr., THE 1994 CAMPAIGN: MASSACHUSETTS; Kennedy and Romney Meet, And the Rancor Flows Freely, New York Times (1994-10-26).
18. ^ America's Culture and Values
19. ^ Hersh, Burton (1997). The Shadow President: Ted Kennedy in Opposition. Steerforth Press. ISBN 1-883642-30-2.  pp. 137–139.
20. ^ Miller, Jerry (April 24, 2000). "Record Fund raising". CNSNews. http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp?Try=No&Page=\Politics\archive\200004\POL20000424d.html. Retrieved 2007-04-20. ^{[dead link]} According to figures in The Almanac of American Politics 1996, which relies on official campaign finance reports.
21. ^ Frank Phillips and Scot Lehigh (July 24, 1994). "Poll finds Kennedy's base firm; Challengers trail 16 to 20 points". The Boston Globe. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8289197.html. Retrieved August 27, 2009. 
22. ^ Frank Phillips and Scot Lehigh (Seprember 25, 1994). "Article: Kennedy, Romney tied in poll". The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8297443.html. Retrieved August 27, 2009. 
23. ^ Adam Clymer (October 27, 2009). "The 1994 Campaign: Massachusetts; Kennedy and Romney look to Round 2". NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/27/us/the-1994-campaign-massachusetts-kennedy-and-romney-look-to-round-2.html. Retrieved August 27, 2009. 
24. ^ Hersh, The Shadow President, pp. 152, 153.
25. ^ Taranto, James Latter-day President?: A Mitt Romney candidacy would test the religious right The Wall Street Journal Saturday, December 31, 2005; retrieved October 29, 2006.

External links

• 1994 Congressional Election results