Scotch (adjective)

Scotch is an obsolescent adjective meaning "of Scotland". The modern usage in Scotland is Scottish or Scots, where the word "Scotch" is only applied to specific products, usually food or drink, such as scotch whisky, scotch pie, scotch broth or scotch eggs, and "Scotch" if applied to people is widely considered mildly pejorative. However, 'Scotch' is still in occasional use in England, and common use in North America.

Decline in usage

The adjective or noun "Scotch" is an early modern English (16th century) contraction of the English word "Scottish" which was later adopted into the Scots language. It more or less replaced "Scottish" as the prevailing term in England. "Scots" (the modern Scots language form of early Scots "Scottis" ["Inglis" was the Early Scots word for "English", and the modern form can still be found in surnames and place names as Ingles or Inglis IPA| [ɪŋlz] (IPA) e.g. Ingleston or Ingliston etc.] ) predominated in Scotland until the 18th century when anglicisation became fashionable and "Scotch" came to be used in both England and Scotland. A 1788 letter by Robert Burns says in part: "Apropos, is not the Scotch phrase "Auld lang syne" exceedingly expressive? There is an old song and tune which has often thrilled through my soul. You know I am an enthusiast in old Scotch songs." [http://www.robertburns.org/encyclopedia/AuldLangSyne.5.shtml ("Auld Lang Syne" in "The Burns Encyclopedia", at robertburns.org)] . Burns wrote of himself in 1787, "The appellation of a Scotch Bard, is by far my highest pride; to continue to deserve it is my most exalted ambition." [http://www.robertburns.org/encyclopedia/NationalBardScotlands.676.shtml ("National Bard, Scotland's", "op. cit.")] . Thus also Byron: "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers" [http://www.geocities.com/~bblair/ebsr.htm ref.] ,1809).

From the early 19th century, however, "Scots" or "Scottish" increasingly became the preferred usages among educated Scottish people, "Scotch" being regarded as an anglicised affectation. By 1908, this was described by the New York Times as a "long-established… preference" " ( [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05EFDD113EE233A25750C1A9649D946997D6CF see article] ) In modern usage in Scotland, "Scotch" is never used, other than as described in the following paragraph for a short list of articles; it has gathered patronising and faintly offensive connotations ("frugal with one's money"), [ [http://www.answers.com/topic/scotch-1 Answers.com definition] ] and a non-Scot who uses the word in conversation with Scots as a description of them may find this a good test of their courtesy. The use of "Scots" and "Scottish" is not altogether consistent; but in many words and phrases one or the other is normally used: there is a certain tendency for "Scottish" to be used in more formal contexts.

In modern current British usage, in England as in Scotland, the general term for things from or pertaining to Scotland is "Scottish". "Scots" is used for the Scots language and Scots law, although one increasingly hears it used of people and organisations, especially in newspaper articles. "Scotch" remains in use only for products such as Scotch broth, Scotch beef, Scotch egg. One cynical joke is that "Scotch" can be used only for things which can be bought, such as whisky, eggs and politicians. 'Scotch terrier' was once one of these legacy uses, but has increasingly been replaced with Scottish terrier.

Scotland was one of the first countries in the world to introduce compulsory education for all children in 1872 (England introduced it in 1880). The Scottish school system was placed under a "Scotch Education Department" with offices in London. In 1918, as a result of objections from within Scotland, the department was moved to Edinburgh and renamed the Scottish Education Department. This reflects the linguistic preferences of modern Scotland.

John Kenneth Galbraith in his book "The Scotch" (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents how the descendants of 19th century pioneers from Scotland who settled in Southwestern Ontario affectionately referred to themselves as Scotch. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the Scotch-Canadian community in the early decades of the 20th century.

Galbraith's use of the term Scotch is revealing in demonstrating the usage of a Canadian speaking about his own community; and certainly his use of the term is not pejorative. This is an example of how older uses of words and forms continue in communities of expatriates broken off from their original roots, and could well indicate that it is the native Scots who have changed the usage.

That the use of "Scots" is the modern preferred use in all levels of society in Scotland is not in doubt, but occasional use of "Scotch" in varieties of the Scots language continues with terms such as "Scotch and English" (a game), "Scotch fiddle" (Itchiness), "Scotch mile and ell" (measures) and many other examples (see the Scots Dialect Dictionary compiled by Alexander Warrack M.A. (1911) republished by Waverley Books 2000). There are other good indicators that the use of "Scotch" has been "whitewashed out" and become a shibboleth. Early versions of dictionaries produced in Burns' wake in the 19th century had titles such as "A Dictionary of the Scotch Dialect of the Lowlands" and modern place names now written as "Scots" e.g., Scotstarvit and Scotscalder existed in previous incarnations as "Scotch".Fact|date=January 2008 Scotch Corner survives as a place-name in England.

The use of 'Scotch' and 'Scots' in the law is interesting. In a reminiscence on his early training as an advocate in Edinburgh, Sir Walter Scott describes the law as "Scotch Law" some four times and as "Scots Law" just once. By the 1840s other writers are using "Scots Law", and this usage is now standard (although not universal) world-wide. Scots law reports in the nineteenth century show frequent judicial usage of 'Scotch' as referring to people; by the turn of that century, and since, practically no examples (other than by English judges) can be discovered.

In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor, wrote: "Some inhabitants of Scotland now call themselves "Scots" and their affairs "Scottish". They are entitled to do so. The English word for both is "Scotch", just as we call les français the French and Deutschland Germany. Being English, I use it. [Taylor, Alan John Percivale "English History 1914–1945" (p.v) The Oxford History of England, vol.XV (ed. Sir George Clark) Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1965, reprinted (with corrections) 1966] "Preface to English History 1914–1945"

ee also

* Scotch
* Scotch whisky
* Scotch College
* Scots-Irish American
* Scots language
* Scottish English
* Ulster-Scots Agency

References