André Milongo

André Ntsatouabantou Milongo (October 20 1935 [http://www.lechoc.info/PAGES/3008festivites8.htm "Biographie d’André Milongo"] , lechoc.info fr icon.] – July 23 2007) was Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo from June 1991 to August 1992. He was chosen by the 1991 national conference to lead the country during its transition to multiparty elections, which were held in 1992. He was subsequently President of the National Assembly, and he was also the founder and President of the Union for Democracy and the Republic (UDR-Mwinda), a political party.

Early life and political career

A member of the Lari ethnic group,John F. Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", in "Political Reform in Francophone Africa" (1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, pages 69–71.] Milongo, one of four children in his family, was born in October 1935 in Mankondi, a village located to the south-west of the capital Brazzaville, in the Boko District of Pool Region.

After his primary and secondary schooling in Brazzaville, Milongo earned a Master's Degree in Law at the University of Nancy, after which he studied at the "École Nationale d'Administration" (ÉNA) in Paris, graduating in 1964. That year is also known as the "Blaise Pascal generation" at ÉNA. He was among only four Congolese citizens to have graduated from ÉNA.fact|date=April 2007 Former Togolese prime minister Edem Kodjo was a classmate of Milongo at ÉNA.

Milongo began his professional career in 1964 as the first Congolese National Treasurer ("Trésorier Payeur Général") in the newly independent Republic of the Congo, a position he held for five years. In this position, he rigorously managed the country's public funds. After this, he became director of the country's foreign investments in 1969 ("Directeur General Des Investissements") at the Ministry of Planning, remaining in that position until 1973. Two former prime ministers of the Republic of the Congo also enlisted his help as an economic policy advisor under the government of Marien Ngouabi.

Milongo married Ndambo Marie-Therese Laurentine on February 4 1967, and with her he had seven children.

He was elected to the board of governors at the African Development Bank in the Ivory Coast in 1976, and represented eight African countries: Congo, Cameroon, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Niger and Mauritania. He held that position for 7 years, before being elected to the board of governors at the World Bank in Washington, D.C. in 1983, where he met his colleague Nicephore Soglo. He remained at the World Bank until 1990.

In the early 1990s, the Republic of the Congo was going bankrupt because of the loss of support from the Soviet Union after the collapse of Communism. This led to the emergence of a new generation of African leaders like Nicéphore Soglo in Benin, Alassane Ouattara in the Ivory Coast and André Milongo.fact|date=April 2007 At the end of the Sovereign National Conference of 1991, the Conference elected Milongo as Prime Minister on June 8 1991. As Prime Minister, he was given executive powers and placed in charge of directing the country's transition to multiparty elections in 1992. He was also assigned, by the National Conference, the positions of Oil Minister and Defense Minister.fact|date=April 2007

Milongo's government was dominated by members of the Lari and Bakongo ethnic groups. [Kenneth B. Noble, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802EFDA1539F932A05752C0A962958260 "Democracy Brings Turmoil in Congo"] , "The New York Times", January 31, 1994.] Tensions between the government and the army led to a serious crisis in January 1992."Jan 1992 - Attempted coup", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 38, January, 1992 Congo, Page 38707.] It was alleged that, in order to gain control of the army, members of Milongo's government spread rumors that the army was plotting a coup. Furthermore, in moves viewed as being directed against loyalists of President Denis Sassou-Nguesso, Milongo appointed Col. Michel Gangouo, who had been implicated in a 1990 coup attempt against Sassou-Nguesso, as Secretary of State for Defense on January 2 1992.Jean-Pascal Daloz and Patrick Quantin, "Transitions démocratiques africaines: dynamiques et contraintes (1990-1994)" (1997), Karthala Editions, pages 153–154 fr icon.] He made further changes to the military command, which he said were intended to fight tribalism, in mid-January. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEED6103CF935A25752C0A964958260 "Soldiers and Government at Odds in Congo"] , "The New York Times", January 16, 1992.] The army strongly opposed these changes and demanded that Milongo reverse them. The Higher Council of the Republic (CSR), which was acting as the transitional parliament, judged that the coup rumors had been created by members of Milongo's government and requested that Milongo accede to the army's demands. Milongo refused to dismiss Gangouo, however, at which point soldiers took over the international airport as well as state radio and television, fired on Milongo's supporters, killing several, and called for Milongo's resignation. Milongo went into hiding and called for international assistance. [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DA1239F932A15752C0A964958260 "3 Killed As Congolese Troops Fire on Anti-Coup Protesters"] , "The New York Times", January 21, 1992.] Gangouo then resigned from his position"Africa South of the Sahara 2004" (2003), Routledge, page 307.] and Milongo appointed a new Minister of Defense who was supported by the army; however, he also placed himself in supreme command of the army. [Mario J. Azevedo, "Ethnicity and Democratization in Congo and Chad (1945–1995)", in "State Building and Democratization in Africa: Faith, Hope, and Realities" (1999), ed. Kidane Mengisteab and Cyril Daddieh, page 173.] Municipal elections were held on May 3 1992,"May 1992 - Cabinet reshuffle New electoral timetable", Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 38, May, 1992 Congo, Page 38898.] and Milongo's government was widely criticized for its handling of these elections. The CSR told Milongo to form a new, national unity government. Interior Minister Alexis Gabou was particularly criticized for his role in the elections, and the CSR asked that he be replaced. Milongo named a new and much smaller government on May 21. The CSR also transferred responsibility for handling the parliamentary and presidential elections scheduled for later that year from Milongo's government to an electoral commission.

In the August 1992 presidential election, Milongo ran as a presidential candidate, coming in fourth place with 10.18% of the vote. [I. William Zartman and Katharina R. Vogeli, "Prevention Gained and Prevention Lost: Collapse, Competition, and Coup in Congo", in "Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War World" (2000), ed. Bruce W. Jentleson, page 272.] He received his strongest support in Brazzaville and Pool Region, with 21.6% and 16.5% respectively.

Milongo founded a political party, the Union for Democracy and the Republic (UDR-Mwinda: "Union Pour la Démocratie et la République"; "Mwinda" means light in the Lari language), which he headed until his death. In the 1993 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as a UDR candidate from Boko district,Nella Sowp and Robert Gaillard, [http://www.congoplus.info/article_congoplus-3783.html "Congo Brazzaville : Décès d'André Milongo Nsatouabantu"] , Kimpwanza (Congoplus.info), July 23, 2007 fr icon.] becoming one of two UDR deputies in the National Assembly. [ [http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2071_93.htm IPU PARLINE page on the 1993 parliamentary election] .] On June 22 1993, he was elected as the President of the National Assembly, remaining in that position until 1997. During the short civil war of 1993, Milongo requested and obtained a ceasefire from both parties involved in the conflict, Bernard Kolelas and Pascal Lissouba.fact|date=April 2007

After the second civil war (1997), in which which Denis Sassou Nguesso returned to power, Milongo remained in the Congo, stating that he had nothing to fear from the Sassou Nguesso's leadership.fact|date=April 2007 He asserted that the Republic of Congo belonged to all Congolese nationals.fact|date=April 2007 After the war, he was a member of the National Transitional Council (CNT).

On September 24 2001, Milongo's candidacy for the next presidential election was announced by the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP),"Congo: Former Speaker AndrMilongo reportedly to run for president", PANA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), September 26, 2001.] a grouping of parties that supported him. [http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/CENTRALE/congo/congopol/244candidatures.htm "Présidentielle; Le dépôt des candidatures est lancé"] , "Afrique Express", N° 244, February 6, 2002 fr icon.] Milongo accused the government of fraud in the January 2002 constitutional referendum, claiming that the "No" vote had actually won, and said that if he won the presidential election, he would initiate a "new political order" with a peace pact to end political violence and would allow all exiled politicians to return. On March 8 2002, two days before the presidential election on March 10, Milongo withdrew from it, accusing Nguesso of rigging the vote. He said that party members were not allowed to observe the voting process, that there were areas where half of the ballot papers omitted his name, and that he had requested that the election be delayed. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1865069.stm "One-man race in Congo poll"] , BBC News, March 10, 2002. Accessed April 16, 2007.] In the 2002 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as a UDR deputy from Boko district; [http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=936&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=06&select_year=2002 "Elections législatives : les 51 élus du premier tour"] , "Les Dépêches de Brazzaville", June 5, 2002 fr icon.] he won his seat in the first round with 59.65% of the vote. In addition to heading the UDR-Mwinda, Milongo was the chairman of a coalition of 11 political parties ("Front Pour Une Commission Electorale independante"), an assembly of political parties calling for transparency and independence in the management of all future elections.fact|date=April 2007

Milongo ran for re-election to the National Assembly in the 2007 parliamentary election, but was defeated in the first round, held on June 24. Following an illness, he died in a hospital in Paris on July 23 2007. [ [http://www.congoplus.info/article_congoplus-3784.html "Congo Brazzaville : décès de l'ex-Premier ministre André Milongo, figure de l'opposition"] , AFP (Congoplus.info), July 23, 2007 fr icon.] In a statement on July 24, Nguesso described Milongo's death as "a great loss for the Congolese nation" and praised Milongo for his service as Prime Minister from 1991 to 1992. [ [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/congo_brazza/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=PAN70027nguesognoce0 "Nguesso qualifie la disparition de Milongo de perte pour le Congo"] , Panapress ("Jeuneafrique.com"), July 24, 2007 fr icon.] Milongo was laid in state at the parliament building, where politicians paid tribute to him and Nguesso bestowed a posthumous high honor on him, before being buried at his residence on August 20. [ [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/congo_brazza/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=PAN70027andrmognocu0 "André Milongo inhumée à Mafouta au Congo"] , Panapress ("Jeuneafrique.com"), August 20, 2007 fr icon.]

References

Further reading

* citeweb
title= Soldiers and Government at Odds in Congo
work = The New York Times
date=1992-01-16
accessdate=2007-04-16
url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEED6103CF935A25752C0A964958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink
*