2006 Bangkok bombings

2006 Bangkok bombings
2006 Bangkok Bombings
Location Bangkok, Thailand
Date 31 December 2006–1 January 2007
18:00 – 00:05 (UTC+7)
Target

9 locations (map) : • Bus stop (Victory Monument)
• Police post (Saphan Khwai, Phaya Thai District)
• Seacon Square shopping mall
• Market (Khlong Toei district)
• Khae Rai intersection (Nonthaburi Province)
• Police box (Sukhumvit Soi 62)
• Restaurant (Khlong Saen Saeb, Pratunam Pier, near CentralWorld)
• Telephone booth (CentralWorld)

• Major Cineplex Ratchayothin cinema and shopping mall
Attack type Multiple bombings
Death(s) 3
Injured ~ 38


The 2006 Bangkok bombings occurred on 31 December 2006 and 1 January 2007, during New Year's Eve festivities in Bangkok, Thailand. Four explosions went off almost simultaneously in different parts of the city at around 6:00 p.m. local time (1100 UTC), followed by several more explosions within the next 90 minutes. Two more explosions occurred after midnight. In total, eight explosions were reported during the night.

As of 1 January 2007, three people were confirmed dead and more than 38 injured.[1] One additional bomb exploded inside a movie theater, but went unreported until the next day due to fears of negative publicity. The next morning, a bomb exploded in a mosque in Chiang Mai, the largest city in northern Thailand. Authorities ordered all public New Year's Eve events canceled, including the countdown at the CentralWorld shopping center and the alms-giving at Sanam Luang.[2]

One man was arrested in Bangkok for carrying an explosive device and Chiang Mai police claimed that the Chiang Mai mosque's janitor confessed to making the bomb. Nobody claimed responsibility for the Bangkok bombings. Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont blamed the "old power clique" as the group responsible for the bombings, referring to the deposed government of Thaksin Shinawatra as well as all those who had lost political power due to the 2006 military coup.[3] Both the Thai Rak Thai party and deposed Premier Thaksin Shinawatra denied involvement.[4] Surayud later backtracked and admitted that his claim that Thaksin-allies were responsible "was just an intelligence analysis" and was based on no solid evidence or information.[5]

The initials "IRK" were found written in marker in four places at three bomb sites. The IRK is an Afghanistan-trained urban guerilla terrorism unit.[6] Interior Minister Aree Wong-araya shrugged off suggestions that the culprits were Muslim terrorists.[7] A meeting between Premier Surayud Chulanont and various security and intelligence agencies on the evening of 31 December failed to officially identify culprits for the attacks.[8]

On 1 January, Surayud announced that although the bombs had similar designs to those used by insurgents in Thailand's Muslim-dominated Southern provinces, closer inspection indicated no link, as "I don't think they would come here as they could get lost in Bangkok."[9][10] Police later arrested more than a dozen individuals, including military officers, suspected of being involved in the bombings. Junta-leader Sonthi Boonyaratglin claimed that all of the military officers were innocent. A police investigation later found that southern separatists were behind the bombings. Detonation circuits and other materials used to make the bombs were identical to those used in by insurgents.[11] However, the junta downplayed the role of the southern insurgents, claiming that they were hired by people connected to the political turmoil in Bangkok.[12]

Contents

Bombings

Victory Monument, a busy public transportation hub, was the site of one of the blasts.

Six explosives went off almost simultaneously in the early evening in Bangkok, killing three and injuring at least 23 people, as revellers were about to start celebrating New Year's Eve.

  • Victory Monument. Seventeen people were injured and two Thais died at the hospital from injuries. One Hungarian was among the injured.[13] The bomb was placed in a bus-stop shelter and went off at around 6:00 p.m., ripping through the bus stops, shattering windows at a nearby restaurant and sending debris in all directions. A second blast went off nearby shortly after.[14][15][16]
  • Khlong Toei, near the Na Ranong intersection. A bomb hidden in a trash can near a Chinese spirit shrine exploded and injured three people, including a 10-year-old girl. A 61-year-old man died at the hospital from injuries. The explosion caused a secondary explosion in a number of propane gas cylinders that were situated nearby.[14]
  • Saphan Khwai intersection, Phaya Thai District. Another bomb went off at a police box. Two people were injured. Witnesses saw a man dropping a hand grenade from a pedestrian bridge onto the police box. Residue of C-4 and TNT explosives were found at the scene.[14]
  • Seacon Square, Prawet District. An unexploded bomb was found in a trash can near a gold shop on the first floor inside the shopping mall. It was removed to the carpark where it exploded, creating panic but causing no injuries. Authorities ordered all shoppers to evacuate the mall, one of Bangkok's largest, and all shops to close.[14]
  • Khae Rai intersection, Mueang district, Nonthaburi Province (13°51′31″N 100°31′15″E / 13.85861°N 100.52083°E / 13.85861; 100.52083). A police box was bombed but no injuries were reported.[14]
  • Sukhumvit Soi 62. A police box at the entrance of the soi was bombed, but no injuries were reported.[14]
  • Major Cineplex Ratchayothin, Phahonyothin Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak. A security guard found a suspicious black bag left unattended in a fast food outlet and placed the bag in a back room. The bomb exploded sometime afterwards, causing a blackout in the cineplex's retail area. There were no casualties or injuries. The cineplex owner only alerted Phahonyothin police later on 1 January, fearing negative publicity.[17]

After these events, New Year's celebrations at CentralWorld and Sanam Luang were cancelled.[18] Bangkok Governor Apirak Kosayothin led the New Year countdown more than three hours early at the CentralWorld party.[19]

Two more bombs exploded almost immediately after midnight in the vicinity of CentralWorld. Three Serbs, two Englishmen, two Thais, and one Irishman were among those injured.

  • Best Sea Foods restaurant near Khlong Saen Saeb's Pratunam Pier and CentralWorld. Three foreigners having dinner at the restaurant and two Thais were injured. One of the foreigners' legs was blown off by the blast.[2][20]
  • A public telephone booth at the pedestrian bridge linking CentralWorld and Gaysorn shopping malls. Several foreigners were injured.[2][20]
  • Three additional unexploded bombs were found in the area.[13]
A bomb was suspected on Khaosan Road, a popular area for foreign tourists, but the report turned out to be a false alarm.

Police investigated several other incidents.

  • A suspected bomb was investigated at Buddy Beer (bar) on Khaosan Road about half an hour after midnight. Tourists had earlier been ordered to leave the area. All Khaosan Road bars were closed, and the street was baricaded and manned with armed forces.[20] The bomb report later turned out to be false.[19]
  • By 1 a.m., police disabled another bomb at the Suan Lum Night Bazaar before the bomb could explode.[2][20]

Victims

The wave of bombings claimed the lives of three people, all of whom where Thai nationals. Songkran Kanchana, 36 and Ekkachai Ruangpoom, 26, were at the Victory Monument, while Suvichai Nak-iam, 61, was at Khlong Toei.

An additional 38 persons standing near the blasts were also injured. Amongst the victims, eight foreigners were hurt: two British men, three Hungarians, two Serbs and one American.[1]

Location Deaths Injuries
Victory Monument 2 Thai 15 (1 Hungarian)
Khlong Toei 1 Thai 6
Saphan Khwai 0 2
Seacon Square 0 0
Khae Rai Intersection (Thai: สี่แยกแคราย) 0 0
Sukhumvit Soi 62 0 0
CentralWorld (seafood restaurant) 0 2 Thais
3 foreigners
CentralWorld (pedestrian flyover) 0 6 foreigners
Total 3 ~38

Forensic evidence

An ITV news van is parked at the Rajavithee Hospital, where most of the victims of the blasts were treated.

Police General Ajiravid Subarnbhesaj claimed that all eight bombs were placed in 3x5-inch boxes and detonated by digital alarm clock. Traces of M4 high explosive booster were found in all of the bombs.[21] Other military ordnance sources claimed the bombs were all ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO)/M4 bombs.[22] This would make the bombs the same type as found in a car outside of Thaksin Shinawatra residence in August 2006.

The police were criticized for barring Central Institute of Forensic Science acting director Pornthip Rojanasunand from collecting evidence from a bombing site in Pratunam. She called the police unprofessional because they mainly focused on the type of bomb that was used, rather than the identity of the bombers, and let city cleaners clean the site before collection of evidence was completed.[23]

Premier Surayud ruled out involvement of Southern insurgents. He noted that forensic reports showed that the bombs were assembled to look like those used by the Southern insurgents but that detailed examination of the explosions and modus operandi indicated no link.[10]

Responsibility

Forewarning

Authorities had earlier warned of an escalation of the South Thailand insurgency during the New Year period.[24]

According to the Thai-language daily Thai Rath, Thai Military Intelligence and the Special Branch received intelligence that there would be bombs in up to 30 locations in Bangkok and surrounding areas, particularly popular shopping malls like Siam Paragon, The Mall Bang Kapi, and Seacon Square.[25]

Urban guerillas

Nobody claimed responsibility for the bombings, and both the Thai Rak Thai party and deposed Premier Thaksin Shinawatra denied involvement.[26] In the absence of concrete public evidence, theories abounded about the likely culprits behind the attacks.

The initials "IRK" were found written in marker in four places at three bomb sites: a pillar near a bus stop at Victory Monument, a phone booth near Gaysorn shopping mall opposite CentralWorld, a phone booth near Pratunam Pier, and a phone booth near BigC Ratchadamri. The IRK is an Afghanistan-trained urban guerilla terrorism unit. However, Interior Minister Aree Wong-araya shrugged off suggestions that the culprits were Muslim militants.[27] Senior junta leadership agreed that Muslim terrorists were not involved, and that the initials were meant to frame the IRK.[25] Police claimed the "IRK" graffiti was the work of teenage gangs attempting to scare the public.[28]

Junta-leader Sonthi Boonyaratglin claimed that he was "more than 100% certain" that the bombings were not perpetrated by southern insurgents and that even in the south, it was no longer easy to perpetrate attacks. He also claimed that the bombings were done by people very well acquainted with the environs, and that even his own people got lost in Bangkok. He also said that it was "impossible" that the bombings were prepared months in advance.[29]

Investigators from the Department of Special Investigation noted that the technique the bombers used was similar to that used at the bombing of a Bangkok Bank branch in Amphoe Betong, Yala Province in 2006, where Casio digital watches were used as timers. Stainless steel back covers of 200 and 201 series Casio watches were found at the Bangkok bomb sites.[30]

"Old power clique"

Bangkok residents watch television news coverage of the bombings early in the morning on 1 January 2007.

Various members of the ruling junta attributed the bombings to various groups. The day after the bombings, government security sources blamed the "old power clique," a possible reference to members of the government of deposed Premier Thaksin Shinawatra.[31] Other security sources said that the bombings might provide the junta with reason to seize Thaksin's sizable personal assets.[32] The Thai Rak Thai party denied orchestrating the bombings and warned the junta not to point fingers without facts.[33]

Anti-Thaksin newspaper editor Sondhi Limthongkul said he believed the bombings were orchestrated by "undercurrents", supporters of the deposed government of Thaksin Shinawatra, who wanted to discredit the junta, but he cited no evidence.[34]

A meeting between Premier Surayud Chulanont and various security and intelligence agencies on the evening of 31 December failed to officially identify culprits for the attacks.[35]

However, on 1 January, Surayud announced that the bombings had nothing to do with the southern insurgency, noting that, "I don't think they would come here as they could get lost in Bangkok."[9] He claimed that the "old power clique" was the mastermind. "Based on the government's information and intelligence agencies, it was the work of people who lost power, but I cannot clearly say which group was behind it," he said.[36] He claimed that he was not referring only to the deposed government of Thaksin Shinawatra, but to all those who had lost political power due to the coup.[3]

Surayud later backtracked and admitted that his claim that Thaksin-allies were responsible "was just an intelligence analysis" and was based on no solid evidence or information.[5]

Junta vice chairman Saprang Kalayanamitr claimed, "The evidence and intelligence information proves that the bombs were the dirty work of politicians who lost power and benefits. Some bad soldiers loyal to the bad politicians collaborated with them with the intention to topple this government." He also claimed that, "the bandits and terrorist groups in southern Thailand had no links or connections to the bombs in Bangkok."[37] Saprang was harshly criticized by Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, a former military officer who was a member of the deposed Thai Rak Thai government. Chavalit dared Saprang to arrest all the culprits behind the bombing. "Saprang Kalayanamitr claimed he already had pertinent information on the bombing, but he failed to take any action. This is gross incompetence," Chavalit said. He said the Council for National Security should examine among its ranks if it truly wanted to solve the case, alluding to speculation that the military had staged the bombing in order to justify its grab for power.[38]

A public opinion poll conducted by ABAC revealed that a majority of Bangkokians did not believe the junta's claim that the deposed government was behind the bombings. Just 11% said that they had "full confidence" that the government could handle the crisis.[39]

Conflicts within the junta

A widely circulated theory posited that the Council for National Security itself planted the bombs to strengthen its own hand and discredit Thaksin, who remained highly popular with the public. Junta leader Sonthi denied the rumors on television, saying "I have risked myself to do what the people wished. Why should I do that? I love my people, and my country."[40]

Conflict between junta assistant secretary General Saprang Kalayamitr and First Army Region commander and Lt General Prayuth Chan-ocha were cited as a possible causes of the bombings and the coup rumors. Both men are potential heirs to the leadership of the junta after Sonthi Boonyaratglin retires in September 2007.[41]

Jemaah Islamiyah or southern insurgents

Some Thai intelligence officials have stated that they now believe the attacks were orchestrated and carried out by a combined effort between Jemaah Islamiyah and the Patani United Liberation Organization, contradicting initial announcements by the interim government that the attacks were not likely to have been related to the Southern insurgency. There is a 1,000,000 baht ($35,700 USD) bounty for the arrest of Lohmueli Yusoh (alias Rusdi Pohseng), thought to be the leader of the attack.[42][43]

Later forensic investigations strengthened the theory that the Bangkok bombs were made using the same signature bomb-building techniques and materials as bombs used by southern insurgents.[11]

Aftermath

Further bombings

1 January 2007 bombing

At 8.45 am on 1 January 2007, a motorcycle rider threw an improvised bomb into a mosque in Chang Klan Road in Chiang Mai, injuring four people, including the Burmese janitor, Nasis Ahamad. Nasis said a grenade had been lobbed in, but an army bomb expert said the blast was caused by the premature explosion of a bomb being built by the mosque janitor.[44]

Police later said that Nasis confessed to carrying the small home-made bomb to the mosque then accidentally dropping it on the floor, causing it to explode. However, police are still investigating Nasis' motive for carrying the bomb, and have not yet charged Nasis, who is still in hospital, with any offence. Police reported their findings to community leaders, but were met with disbelief that a Muslim would bring a bomb into the mosque.[45]

30 January 2007 bombings

On 30 January 2007, two explosions were reported in the headquarters of the Daily News newspaper and the Rama Garden Hotel's parking lot at around 1 am. Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont later declared that the explosions were caused by M79 grenades. He also noted that it would not be easy to find the bombers because not much shrapnel was found on the scene.[46][47]

Security measures and junta responses

Several foreign embassies issued travel warnings to their citizens in Bangkok warning that further attacks are possible.[48]

The junta ordered the military to the streets of Bangkok to control the situation, with 6,000 checkpoints set up throughout the capital. Army commanders for the North, Northeast, and the South were placed on alert. Bangkok Governor Apirak Kosayothin ordered all 50 districts in Bangkok to collect all their rubbish bins.[25][49]

Junta head Sonthi Boonyaratglin cut short his hajj and flew back from Saudi Arabia to meet with the junta leadership in the afternoon of 1 January 2007[50] Later on that same day, assistant police commissioner Jongrak Juthanon was assigned to lead an investigation into the deadly incidents.[51]

The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration initiated plans to spend 186 million baht on installing 1,628 closed-circuit television cameras throughout the capital in 2007, with plans for 504 cameras to be placed on pedestrian and traffic flyover bridges and low-population locations, while 1,124 cameras would be placed in more populated places like bus terminals and intersections.[52]

Coup rumors

Rumors that the junta would use the bombings as a pretext to overthrow the government of Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont abounded. Junta leader Sonthi went on television to deny the rumors. "We love the people too much to do it," he said.[53][54]

Economic impact

The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) composite index fell 3.2% the day after the exchange opened after the New Year holiday. Thai shares declined another 1.67% on 4 January 2007. The declines followed massive losses in mid-December after the junta briefly introduced capital controls. The Thai baht weakened slightly, trading at 36.15-17 to one United States dollar, against 36.05-10 at the close of trade on 29 December 2006.[55][56]

However, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Pridiyathorn Devakula claimed that the bombings "would not have an impact on this year's GDP."[57]

Arrests

On 20 January 2007, some 15 military officers and civilians were arrested in commando raids regarding the bombings. Police invoked martial law, which empowered them to detain suspects without placing charges against them for seven days. Among those arrested were Lt Col Suchart Khadsungnone, an officer of Sonthi Boonyaratglin's Lopburi-based Special Warfare Command. Reporters witnessing the questioning noted that interrogators demanded the suspects provide alibis regarding the August 2006 Bangkok car bomb against deposed Premier Thaksin Shinawatra.[58]

The junta was not satisfied with the police investigation and arrests and planned to launch a parallel inquiry. Junta head Sonthi warned the police chief not to seek scapegoats within the military. However, the junta's plans to launch a parallel inquiry were reversed after Police Chief Kowit Wattana reported evidence to the junta's leaders. However, Pallop Pinmanee, the former Internal Security Operations Command leader who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Thaksin Shinawatra, warned the junta not to trust the police. Maj-Gen Khattiya Sawasdipol, an influential Army officer echoed Pallop's warning.[59] Junta chief and Army Commander Sonthi Boonyaratglin said he was certain that all military men held by police for the past week were innocent.[60]

On 16 March 2007, the Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against a tall and thin man aged 25 to 30 with crippled leg whom police believed to have planted a bomb at the Major Ratchayothin shopping center on New Year's Eve. The man was caught on the closed circuit television of the shopping mall. The man was charged with possessing an explosive object, terrorism and trying to kill others. The picture of the man was shown to the media on 21 March 2007.[61]

On 22 March 2007, police posted photographs of two suspects who were caught on closed circuit television at the Season Square shopping center. On the evening of 22 March, Pratya Preechavej and Yutthaphong Kittisriworraphan told reporters of The Nation newspaper that they were in fact the men in police photos, but definitely not the bombers. The two men were then taken to a hotel on Sukhumvit Road by several senior officers from 10 pm until 2 am. They returned home at 4.30 am the next morning. Their story changed in a subsequent press conference at the Prawet police station, where Pratya claimed that he had not worn a black jacket like one of the men in police photos. Pratya also said he had a ponytail, and almost never let down his hair—unlike the man in the photo—and had been accompanied by his sister. Junta chief Sonthi Boonyaratglin later claimed it was a case of mistaken identity and not a police mistake that both men looked similar to the suspected bombers.[62]

See also

References

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  42. ^ Corben, Ron (2007-01-20). "Bangkok bombings the work of JI". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21088087-2703,00.html. Retrieved 2007-02-15. 
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  45. ^ "In brief: Victim 'carried mosque bomb'". The Nation (Thailand). 2007-01-03. http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/01/03/national/national_30023146.php. Retrieved 2007-02-15. 
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  47. ^ "Training bombs fired into Bangkok hotel and Daily News' compounds". The Nation (Thailand). 2007-01-30. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929111655/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30025484. Retrieved 2007-02-15. 
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  49. ^ "Unknown" (in Thai). Newspaper story (Matichon). 2007-01-01. 
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  52. ^ "Bangkok plans city-wide security CCTV". Bangkok Post. 2007-01-04. http://bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=115747. Retrieved 2007-01-04. 
  53. ^ "Army chief denies rumour of new coup". Bangkok Post. 2007-01-04. http://bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=115752. Retrieved 2007-01-04. 
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  61. ^ Bangkok Post, Court issues warrant against Bangkok bomber, 16 March 2007
  62. ^ The Nation, Look-alikes of bombing suspects 'surrender', 24 March 2007

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