Ted Honderich

Infobox Philosopher
region = Western Philosophy
era = Contemporary philosophy
color = #B0C4DE


image_caption = Photo of Ted Honderich
name = Ted Honderich
birth = January 30, 1933
death =
school_tradition = Analytic
notable_ideas = Consciousness Compatibilism Incompatibilism Conservatism Terrorism Punishment
main_interests = Determinism·Philosophy of Mind·Ethics·International Relations·Punishment·Conservatism
influences = A. J. Ayer Stuart Hampshire Bernard Williams P.F. Strawson Richard Wollheim
influenced =

Ted Honderich (born 1933) is a British philosopher, Grote Professor Emeritus of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic, University College London and Visiting Professor, University of Bath. His work has been mainly about five things: determinism's truth and its consequences for our lives; the nature of consciousness and its relation to the brain; right and wrong in the contemporary world, in particular with respect to terrorism; the supposed justifications of punishment by the state; and the political tradition of conservatism.

Biography

Honderich was born Edgar Dawn Ross Honderich on 30 January 1933 in Baden, Ontario, Canada. An undergraduate at the University of Toronto, qualifying as B.A. (Hons) in Philosophy and English Literature, he came to University College London to study under the Logical Positivist A. J. Ayer, graduating with a Ph.D. in 1968. He has since lived in England and become a British citizen. After being a lecturer at the University of Sussex he became Lecturer, Reader, Professor and then Grote Professor at University College. He was visiting professor at the City University of New York and Yale. He is author of many books and articles on such subjects as the correspondence theory of truth, Russell's theory of descriptions, time, causation, Mill's "On Liberty", and against John Searle on free will and G. A. Cohen's defence of Marx's theory of history. He has also edited several series of philosophy books.

He has been involved in controversy for his moral defence of Palestinian terrorism, despite his justification of the founding and maintaining of Israel in its original 1948 borders.

His papers in philosophical journals have been published in three volumes by Edinburgh University Press. He has appeared on radio and television, is the editor of "The Oxford Companion to Philosophy", has written a philosophical autobiography, and is Chairman of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. He is married to Ingrid Coggin Honderich.

Determinism and freedom

In "A Theory of Determinism: The Mind, Neuroscience and Life-Hopes", Honderich expounds a theory of causation as well as other lawlike connections. This he uses to formulate three hypotheses of a deterministic philosophy of mind. They are argued to be true, mainly on the basis of neuroscience. The clarity of determinism is contrasted with the obscurity of the doctrines of free will or origination.

The centuries-dominant philosophical traditions of determinism and freedom, Compatibilism and Incompatibilism, are examined. According to the first, determinism is consistent with our freedom and moral responsibility; according to the second, it is inconsistent with them. Honderich considers Compatibilism's argument that our freedom consists in voluntariness, doing what we desire and not being coerced; hence its conclusion that determinism and freedom can go together. He also examines Incompatibilism's argument that our freedom consists in origination or free will, our choosing without our choosing's being caused; hence the conclusion that determinism and freedom are inconsistent.

Honderich argues that both views are mistaken, since freedom as voluntariness and freedom as origination are each as fundamental to our lives. The real problem of the consequences of determinism is not choosing between the two traditional doctrines, but a more practical one: trying to give up what must be given up, since we do not have the power of origination. Honderich's rejection of both traditions has been taken up by other philosophers, many of whom find his criticisms decisive. The theory is summarised in his "How Free Are You?: The Determinism Problem".

Consciousness

Honderich's theory of the nature of consciousness is a view near to physicalism, and it is partly based on the proposition that the many existing theories of consciousness -- which he divides up into two general categories, devout physicalism and spiritualism or Cartesian Dualism -- fail to satisfy a list of criteria for an adequate theory of consciousness. Physicalism reduces consciousness to nothing more than the physical. Spiritualism takes consciousness out of space and into mystery. Honderich's criteria of adequacy include taking account of the subjectivity of consciousness, which rules out devout physicalism but is an attraction of spiritualism. Other criteria are the reality of consciousness and its causal interaction with the physical world. These rule out spiritualism and seem to demand physicalism. His Theory of Radical Externalism, once called 'Consciousness as Existence', gets going with the question, 'What does it seem for you to be conscious of the room you are now in?' Honderich's answer is that it is for the room in a way to exist, to exist in a specified sense. It is for things to be in space and time outside your head, a world of perceptual consciousness dependent both on an external sub-world and on you neurally. This analysis of perceptual consciousness issues in further analyses of reflective and affective consciousness. Honderich argues that the theory does best at satisfying the criteria, succeeds where both physicalism and dualism fail.

The theory is expounded in "On Consciousness" and has been defended against 11 philosophers in an issue of "The Journal of Consciousness Studies", republished as the book "Radical Externalism: Honderich's Theory of Consciousness Discussed", edited by Anthony Freeman. The theory baffled most of the 11 philosophers. One contributor, E. J. Lowe, called it 'a genuinely new idea in the history of philosophy'.

Mind and brain

Honderich's Union Theory of mind and brain is defended in "A Theory of Determinism". The Union Theory takes it as possible that conscious events like our choices and decisions are in a way subjective but are nevertheless physical rather than near-physical events. They stand in a kind of lawlike connection with neural events, sometimes called the supervenience of mental events on neural events. These psychoneural pairs, as Honderich calls them, are just effects of certain causal sequences, and are causes of our actions. This sort of physicalism, a predecessor to the notion of supervenience, has since been succeeded in Honderich's writings by the near-physicalism of Radical Externalism. Radical Externalism holds that perceptual consciousness does not have a nomic sufficient condition in a head but only a necessary one. Honderich argues that reflective and affective consciousness are different again. He also argues that this is consistent with contemporary neuroscience, rescues us from the argument from illusion or brain in a vat, and also from the dubious conclusions of sense-data theory and phenomenalism.

The Principle of Humanity

Honderich argues that the Principle of Humanity is that what is right always consists in what, according to the best available knowledge and judgement, are actually rational steps, effective and not self-defeating ones rather than pretences, to the end of getting and keeping people out of bad lives. Bad lives are defined as those deprived of six fundamental human goods: a decent length of life, bodily well-being, freedom and power in various settings, respect and self-respect, the goods of relationship, and the goods of culture. It is a consequentialist principle, but not the principle of utility, nor just the claim that the ends justify the means. Honderich argues that the principle is fundamental to but not the whole of a morality of humanity. This, he claims, includes certain policies of equality and inequality and certain practices, one being a better democracy than we have. Honderich concludes that the Principle of Humanity is better supported than any other sort of moral principle, on the basis of both consistency and certain facts. He takes it that non-consequentialist reasons are not really reasons at all, nor, he says, does the Principle grant any distinction between acts and omissions.

International right and wrong, democracy, terrorism

Following 9/11, Honderich published "After the Terror". The book first lays out some of the facts of bad lives and good lives, both in Africa and in rich countries. With respect to bad lives, Honderich argues that our omissions have resulted in 20 million years of possible living-time lost by a certain sample of Africans. He also considers the creation of Israel in 1948 and records what he describes as the bad lives of Palestinians as a result of what is called the neo-Zionist expansion of Israel since the 1967 war. Honderich asks whether those in the rich societies do wrong in doing nothing about bad lives. He considers natural morality as well as our worked-out or philosophical moralities. Such outlooks as political realism and such ideologies as liberalism and libertarianism are also considered, as is what Honderich calls 'hierarchic democracy'. The Principle of Humanity is used to judge our moral responsibility for the many bad lives, which Honderich tells us is great. The Principle also condemns the terrorist killings of September 11 as hideous. The killings were not rational means to an end that was partly defensible. The West's subsequent attack on Afghanistan is excused. But the taking from Palestinians of at least their freedom in the last fifth of their homeland, historic Palestine, is condemned. Honderich writes: '...the Palestinians have had a moral right to their terrorism as certain as was the moral right, say, of the African people of South Africa against their white captors and the apartheid state'.

Honderich claims that we need to see the power of our societies as deadly. Americans, first of all, because of their unique power, need to think more carefully about their actions. He also argues that we should supplement our democracies with the transformations of the civil disobedience of Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King, Jr., Bertrand Russell, and those in Eastern Europe who brought down the wall.

His later book, "Humanity, Terrorism, Terrorist War: Palestine, 9/11, Iraq, 7/7..." begins by asking if analytic philosophy in considering large questions of right and wrong should proceed by embracing international law, human rights, just war theory or the like. Honderich, finding these means of judgement wanting, again takes up the Principle of Humanity. The book justifies and defends Zionism, defined as the creation of Israel in its original borders, but also reaffirms that Palestinians have had a moral right to their liberation -- to terrorism within historic Palestine against what Honderich calls the ethnic cleansing of Neo-Zionism, the expansion of Israel beyond its original borders. After a further consideration of 9/11, there is an analysis of 10 reasons for what he calls 'our terrorist war' in Iraq. Honderich condemns the war as morally barbaric, given the foreseen and thus intentional killing of many innocents. In condemning the 7/7 terrorist attack on London, Honderich considers the importance of horror to morality. He also argues that Tony Blair and George W. Bush are friends rather than enemies of terrorism. The book ends with a postscript on the charge of anti-semitism against critics of neo-Zionism -- a charge Honderich says is principally a part of Neo-Zionism or at least something insufficiently detached from it.

Punishment

In "Punishment: The Supposed Justifications", Honderich surveys and analyses 14 traditional, backward-looking reasons for the justification of punishment by the state. Most have to do with desert or retribution, others with annulment or consent. All are found to be weak or worse. Honderich then argues that the strong tradition of punishment must have in it some real content or argument. This is found to be that punishment is justified by giving satisfaction to grievance-desires --doing no more than satisfying them. This, Honderich concludes, is the reality of retributivism, but it cannot be an effective justification of punishment. The Utilitarian prevention theory of punishment is also rejected, because it justifies certain victimizations. Mixed theories of punishment, drawing on backward-looking considerations as well as the notion of prevention, sometimes in terms of the reform of offenders, are also found to be untenable. Robert Nozick's theory in particular is examined. Honderich's conclusion is that the long-running problem of the justification of punishment is now dead. Its justification must be in terms of its consequences -- in discouraging and licensing certain kinds of behaviour. The live issue is determining what these are. Honderich's answer has to do with the Principle of Humanity. Punishment is or would be justified when it rationally takes forward the humanization of our societies. He argues, on the basis of this, that most punishments are in fact wrong.

Conservatism

Honderich's book "Conservatism" begins with a general inquiry into the distinctions between British and American conservatism. He argues that one has to do with eternal values and therefore with reform rather than change, a view underpinning Edmund Burke's condemnation of the French Revolution and all conservatives since. Other distinctions have to do with the right kind of political thinking and with human nature, with particular doctrines of incentive and reward, and with certain freedoms, including those of private property. Given these distinctions which set conservatism apart from other views, Honderich asks what underlies and brings these distinctions together. What is the rationale or underlying principle of conservatism? The answer he gives is not just that the conservative tradition is selfish. Its self-interest, he argues, does not distinguish it from other political traditions. What does distinguish it, Honderich concludes, is that it lacks a moral principle to defend its self-interest. It is unique in its amorality. "Conservatism" was much discussed not only by political philosophers but also by politicians in 1990. It was enlarged as "Conservatism: Burke, Nozick, Bush, Blair?" in 2005, and includes Honderich's consideration of whether Britain's New Labour Party is truly in the conservative political tradition.

Controversy

Honderich has been involved in controversy since the publication of his book "After the Terror" in 2002. Honderich arranged with Oxfam in Britain and the publisher of "After the Terror", Edinburgh University Press, to have the £5,000 advance on royalties go to the charity, along with more money from the publishers. The Canadian newspaper "The Globe and Mail" suggested that Oxfam was taking money from a terrorist sympathizer, and it then declined the contributions, for which it was judged adversely in the British media. The book was published in a German translation. Mischa Brumlik, director of a holocaust centre and Professor of Pedagogy at Frankfurt University, demanded publicly that the book be withdrawn from sale by the publisher, Suhrkamp Verlag. Despite the declaration by the philosopher Jurgen Habermas, who had recommended the translation, that the book was not anti-semitic, it was withdrawn from sale. Honderich demanded the dismissal of Brumlik from his professorship, for violation of academic principle. There was a media firestorm in Germany. The book was retranslated and republished by an antizionist Jewish publishing house, Melzer Verlag [T. Honderich, "The Rise and Fall of a Book in Germany", March (2005) [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/BrumlikSumbyTH.html] ] . Lesser controversies have included an imputation of anti-semitism by a student newspaper in London, against which Honderich took successful legal action. There have been attacks by Palestinians on Honderich's justification of Zionism too, including disruptions at meetings. [T. Honderich, "On Being Persona Non Grata to Palestinians Too" CounterPunch, March (2005) [http://www.counterpunch.org/honderich02192005.html] ]

Other writings

Honderich wrote a number of papers in criticism of Donald Davidson's Anomalous Monism, and in particular made the objection that on certain assumptions the view is epiphenomenalist. The papers are reprinted in "Mental Causation and the Metaphysics of Mind", edited by Neil Campbell. Earlier journal papers are about Austin's correspondence theory of truth, causation, time, Russell's theory of descriptions, and John Stuart Mill's essay "On Liberty". Honderich's philosophical autobiography, "Philosopher: A Kind of Life", is a personal and general picture of English academic life over several decades. An encyclopedia edited by him, "The Oxford Companion to Philosophy", is in its second edition.

elected publications

*"Radical Externalism: Honderich's Theory of Consciousness Discussed", Anthony Freeman, Ed., Imprint Academic, 2006. ISBN 184540-068-2.
*"Humanity, Terrorism, Terrorist War: Palestine, 9/11, Iraq, 7/7"London: Continuum, 2006. ISBN 0-8264-9116-2.
*"Punishment, the Supposed Justifications Revisited", Pluto Press, 2005. Revised edition.
*"On Determinism and Freedom", Edinburgh University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-7486-1841-4.
*"Conservatism: Burke, Nozick, Bush, Blair?", Pluto Press, 2005. Enlarged edition. ISBN 0-7453-2129-1.
*"On Consciousness", Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Collected papers. ISBN 0-7486-1842.
*"Terrorism for Humanity: Inquiries in Political Philosophy", Pluto Press, 2004. Revised and retitled edition. ISBN 0-7453-2133.
*"On Political Means and Social Ends", Edinburgh University Press, 2003. Collected papers. ISBN 0-7486-1840-6
*"After the terror". Montreal : McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-7735-2734-6. Revised and expanded edition.
*"How free are you? The Determinism Problem". 2nd ed. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-925197-5.
*"Philosopher : a kind of life". London : Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-415-23697-5.
*"A Theory of Determinism: The Mind, Neuroscience and Life-Hopes", Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-824469. Republished in two paperbacks: "Mind and Brain" and "The Consequences of Determinism"
*"Three Essays on Political Violence", Blackwells, "Political Violence", Cornell University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-631-117040-5. Original terrorism book, later revised in several editions.
*"Punishment, the Supposed Justifications", Hutchinson, Harcourt Brace, 1969, ISBN 09-096900-6, various later editions.

Edited books

*"The Oxford Companion to Philosophy", Oxford University Press, 1995. New Edition 2005. ISBN 0-19-926479-1
*"The Philosophers: Introducing Great Western Thinkers", excerpts from "The Oxford Companion to Philosophy", Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-823861-4
*"A. J. Ayer: Writings on Philosophy", 6 volumes, Palgrave Macmillan Archive Press, 2005. ISBN 1-4039-1744-2.
*"Morality and Objectivity: A Tribute to J. L. Mackie", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985. ISBN 0-7100-9991-6.
*"Philosophy Through Its Past", Penguin, 1984.
*"Philosophy As It Is", co-edited with Myles Burnyeat, Allen Lane, Penguin. ISBN 0-7139-1184-0.
*"Social Ends and Political Means", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. ISBN 0-7100-8370.
*"Essays on Freedom of Action", Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. ISBN 0-71007392-5.

Articles

*A. J. Ayer, [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/aTofDAyerReview.html Psychoneural Pairs, Review of "A Theory of Determinsim"] , "London Review of Books", May 19, 1988.
*Daniel Dennett, [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/aTofDDennettReview.html Coming to Terms With the Determined, Review of "A Theory of Determinism"] , "Times Literary Supplement", November 4 - 10, 1988.
*Harold Brown, Tim Crane, James Garvey, Ted Honderich, Stephen Law, E. J. Lowe, Derek Matravers, Paul Noordhof, Ingmar Persson, Stephen Priest, Barry C. Smith, Paul Snowdon, [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/RadExtJCSexcerpts.html Excerpts from articles by 12 philosophers in "Radical Externalism"] , edited by Anthony Freeman, 2006.
*Jonathan Glover, [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/PunReviewGlover.html Justifying Punishment, Review of "Punishment, The Supposed Justifications"] , "Inquiry", June 1, 1970.
*Enoch Powell, [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/ConsRevPowell.html Sing a Song of Tories, Prejudiced and Wry, Review of "Conservatism"] , "The Independent", July 1, 1990.
*Richard Wolin, [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/Wolinhispiece.html Are Suicide Bombings Morally Defensible?] "The Chronicle of Higher Education, October 24, 2003.
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/Wolinmyreply.html Reply to Richard Wolin] "The Chronicle of Higher Education", November 10, 2003.
*Alexander Cockburn, [http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn08132003.html World-Famous Philosopher Honderich Hit with "Anti-Semite" Slur in Germany; Habermas and Suhrkamp Cut and Run] , "CounterPunch", August 13, 2003.
*Paul de Rooij, [http://www.counterpunch.org/rooij1204.html Ted Honderich: A Philosopher in the Trenches] , "CounterPunch", December 4, 2002.
* [http://www.counterpunch.com/honderich02192005.html On Being Persona Non Grata to Palestinians, Too] , "CounterPunch", February 19/20, 2005.
*Paul de Rooij, [http://www.counterpunch.org/rooij02282005.html Why Ted Honderich is Wrong on All Counts] , "CounterPunch", February 28, 2005. (replies to Honderich's Feb. 19, 2005 article).
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/TvHonderichAaronovitchLookTranscripts.html 'The Real Friends of Terror' and 'No Excuses for Terror', A Look at Two Television Programmes, with transcripts]
*Catherine Wilson, [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/reviewPaKofLWilson.html Review of "Philosopher: A Kind of Life"] , "Philosophy", October 2003.
*John Crace, [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/GuardianCraceProfile.html Philosophy with Attitude, interview] "The Guardian", March 22, 2003.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/ Ted Honderich Website at University College London, with c.v.]
* [http://www.ourmedia.org/node/231408 Interview with Ted Honderich on Resonance FM Radio] , London, UK, 12 May 2006
* [http://www.stateofnature.org/tedHonderich.html Humanity and Terror: State of Nature Interview with Ted Honderich] (October, 2007)
* [http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/honderich/ Information Philosopher on Ted Honderich]