Michael Silverstein

Michael Silverstein (born 1945) is a professor of anthropology, linguistics, and psychology at the University of Chicago. He is a theoretician of semiotics and linguistic anthropology. Over the course of his career he has drawn together research on linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, language ideology, and grammatical theory into a comprehensive account of language in culture^{[citation needed]}. Among other achievements, he has been instrumental in introducing the semiotic terminology of Charles Sanders Peirce, including especially the notion of indexicality, into the linguistic and anthropological literature; with coining the terms metapragmatics and metasemantics^[1] in drawing attention to the central importance of metasemiotic phenomena for any understanding of language or social life; and with developing language ideology as a field of study.^[2] His works are noted for their terminological complexity and technical difficulty.

Silverstein earned his undergraduate degree at Harvard University, and earned his Ph.D. at Harvard under the Russian linguist, semiotician and literary critic Roman Jakobson, a former member of the Prague School, where he also studied under the logician and philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine. In 1982 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in the second year of the prize's existence, and was the youngest person, at the time, to be awarded the grant. He was also a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows, in Anthropology.

He has been a prime influence in defining 'language ideologies' as a field of study Language ideologies are socially grounded beliefs and conceptualisations of language, its functions and its users.^[3] Based on work of Benjamin Lee Whorf and Charles Sanders Peirce, and incorporating insights from structuralism, philology, history and social theory, he sees 'language ideologies' as patterns that guide speakers' use of language and so, eventually, change that language. We talk on the basis of what we believe we can do with and in language, and by doing that we shape our language. Thus, language ideologies form the bridge between language patterns and social and cultural structure, as the socially grounded beliefs in what language is and does convert into particular patterns of use that are understandable, precisely because they fit these beliefs and the expectations they generate. The connections between usage and beliefs are empirically identifiable as 'metapragmatics' - the articulation of beliefs about language use in language use (as when we use polite formulae in addressing someone in a superior position)^[4].

Silverstein's work has caused a theoretical and conceptual shift in anthropology, linguistics and sociolinguistics. It has led to a renewed interest in the study of linguistic relativity. It has also added another perspective of critique of 'Chomskyan' conceptions of language and it has boosted a critical and politically sensitive trend in the study of language in society, influencing notably the study of language policy, language planning, and language in education^{[citation needed]}.

He has also studied the indigenous languages of Australia and the Americas.

Publications

• 1976a. "Hierarchy of features and ergativity." In Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages (R.M.W. Dixon, ed.), 112–171.
• 1976b. "Shifters, linguistic categories and cultural description."
• 1979. "Language structure and linguistic ideology." In The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels (R. Cline, W. Hanks, and C. Hofbauer, eds.), 193-247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
• 1981a. "Case marking and the nature of language." Australian Journal of Linguistics, 227-244.
• 1981b. "The limits of awareness."
• 1985a. "Language and the culture of gender: at the intersection of structure, usage, and ideology." In Semiotic Mediation: Sociocultural and Psychological Perspectives (E. Mertz and R. Parmentier, eds.), 219-259. Orlando: Academic Press.
• 1985b. "The functional stratification of language and ontogenesis."
• 1987a. "The three faces of function: preliminaries to a psychology of language."
• 1987b. "Cognitive implications of a referential hierarchy."
• 1987c. "Monoglot 'Standard' in America: standardization and metaphors of linguistic hegemony."
• 1992. "The indeterminacy of contextualization: when is enough enough?" In The Contextualization of Language (Auer, Peter & Aldo Di Luzio, eds.), 55-76.
• 1992. "Of nominatives and datives: universal grammar from the bottom up."
• 1993. "Metapragmatic discourse and metapragmatic function." In Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics (J. Lucy, ed.), 33-58.
• 1996. Natural Histories of Discourse (editor, with Greg Urban). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0822334747.
  • Includes chapter, "The Secret Life of Texts," 81-105.
• 1997a. "Encountering languages and languages of encounter in North American ethnohistory."
• 1997b. "The Improvisational Performance of Culture in Realtime Discursive Practice". In Creativity in Performance (R. K. Sawyer, ed.). Greenwich, CT: Ablex Publishing Corp., 265-312.
• 1998. "Contemporary transformations of local linguistic communities." Annual Review of Anthropology.
• 2000. "Whorfianism and the linguistic imagination of nationality." In Regimes of Language.
• 2003a. "Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life."
• 2003b. "The Whens and Wheres—as well as Hows—of Ethnolinguistic Recognition."
• 2003c. Talking Politics: The substance of style from Abe to “W”. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. ISBN 0971757550.
• 2004a. "'Cultural' Concepts and the Language-Culture Nexus". Current Anthropology 45(5), 621-652.
• 2004b. "Boasian cosmographic anthropology and the sociocentric component of mind." In Significant Others: Interpersonal and Professional Commitments in Anthropology" (Richard Handler, ed.), 131-157.
• 2005a. "Axes of Evals: Token versus Type Interdiscursivity." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15.1:6-22.
• 2005b. "Languages/Cultures are Dead! Long Live the Linguistic-Cultural!" In D. Segal & S. Yanagisako, eds., Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Reflections on the Disciplining of Anthropology. Durham: Duke University Press, 99-125. ISBN 0822334747.
• 2005c. "The Poetics of Politics: 'Theirs' and 'Ours'."
• 2006a. "How we look from where we stand" (review article).
• 2006b. "Old wine, new ethnographic lexicography." Annual Review of Anthropology.

References

1. ^ Jonathan Yovel and Elizabeth E. Mertz. "Metalinguistic Awareness" HANDBOOK OF PRAGMATICS HIGHLIGHTS. Ed. an-Ola Östman, Jef Verschueren, Jan Blommaert, Chris Bulcaen,. 2010. p. 252-3
2. ^ Blount, Ben G. 1995. Language, Culture, and Society: A book of Readings. Waveland Press. Inc. pp. 106-7
3. ^ Jonathan Yovel and Elizabeth E. Mertz. "Metalinguistic Awareness" HANDBOOK OF PRAGMATICS HIGHLIGHTS. Ed. an-Ola Östman, Jef Verschueren, Jan Blommaert, Chris Bulcaen,. 2010. p. 262
4. ^ Woolard, Kathryn A. 1998. Introduction: Language Ideology as A Field of Inquiry. in Language Ideology: Practice and Theory. Schiffelin, Bambi B., Kathryn Woolard and Paul V. Kroskrity (eds.) Oxford University Press.

External links

Biography portal

• Michael Silversteins's University of Chicago home page
• Works by or about Michael Silverstein in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

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Name	Silverstein, Michael
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Date of birth	1945
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