- Petite bourgeoisie
"Petit-bourgeoisie" (or petty bourgeois through
folk etymology ) is a French term that originally referred to the members of the lower middle social-classes in the 18th and early 19th centuries.Starting from the mid-19th century, the term was used by
Karl Marx and Marxist theorists to refer to asocial class that included shop-keepers and professionals. Though distinct from the ordinaryworking class and thelumpenproletariat , who rely entirely on the sale of their labor-power for survival, the petty is different from the haute bourgeoisie, or capitalist class, who own the means of production and buy the labor-power of others to work it. Though the petite bourgeoisie do buy the labor power of others, in contrast to thebourgeoisie , they typically work alongside their own employees; and although they generally own their own businesses, they do not own a controlling share of the means of production. In modern usage petite bourgeoisie, a class that lies between the workingmen and the capitalists, is often used, usually derisively, to refer to the consumption habits and tastes of themiddle class . However, Marxist terminology relates the petite bourgeoisie exclusively to its relationship to the means of production and work, not to tastes, habits of consumption, or lifestyle.References
*Andrews, G. J. and Phillips D R (2005) Petit Bourgeois healthcare? The big small-business of private complementary medical practice Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 11, 87-104
*F. Bechhofer and B. Elliott, Persistence and change the petit bourgeoisie in the industrial society , Eur J Soc xv 11 (1976), pp. 74–79.
*B. Elliott and G. McCrone, What else does someone with capital do?, New Soc 31 (1979), pp. 512–513.
*F. Bechhofer and B. Elliott, The petite Bourgeoisie comparative studies of an uneasy stratum , Macmillan, London (1981).
*R. Scase and R. Goffee, The real world of the small business owner, Croom Helm, London (1981).
*D.R. Phillips and J. Vincent, Petit Bourgeois Care private residential care for the elderly , Policy Politics 14 (1986) (2), pp. 189–208.ee also
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