Hecatonchires

The Hecatonchires, or Hekatonkheires _el. Ἑκατόγχειρες(Audio-IPA|Ell-Ekatogheires.ogg| ["Hekatonkheires"] ), were three gargantuan figures of an archaic stage of Greek mythology. According to Hesiod they were children of Gaia and Uranus, [Hesiod calls them the "Ouranids" ("Theogony" 502).] simply the issue of Earth and Sky, or of Earth and Sea [A "scholia" on Apollonius Rhodius 1.1165c notes "Eumelos in the "Titanomachy" says that Aigaion was the son of Earth and Sea, lived in the sea, and fought on the side of the Titans"; noted in M.L. West "'Eumelos': A Corinthian Epic Cycle?" "The Journal of Hellenic Studies" 122 (2002, pp. 109-133) p 111.] thus part of the very beginning of things (Kerenyi 1951:19) in the submerged prehistory of Greek myth, though they played no part in cult. They were known as Briareus the Vigorous, also called Aigaion (Latinized as Aegaeon) the "sea goat", Cottus the Striker or the Furious, and Gyges (or Gyes) the Big-Limbed. Their name derives from the Greek polytonic|ἑκατόν ("hekaton"; "hundred") and polytonic|χείρ ("kheir"; "hand"), "each of them having a hundred hands and fifty heads" ("Bibliotheca"). They were giants of incredible strength and ferocity, even superior to that of the Titans, whom they helped overthrow, and the Cyclopes. In Latin poetry, the Hecatonchires were known as the Centimani, which simply translates "Hundred-Handed Ones."

It would be difficult to determine exactly what natural phenomena are symbolized by the Hecatonchires. They may represent the gigantic forces of nature which appear in earthquakes and other convulsions, or the multitudinous motion of the sea waves (Mayer, "Die Giganten und Titanen", 1887).

Soon after they were born, their father, Uranus, threw them into the depths of Tartarus because he saw them as hideous monsters. In some versions of this myth, Uranus saw how ugly the Hecatonchires were at their birth and pushed them back into Gaia's womb, upsetting Gaia greatly, causing her great pain, and setting into motion the overthrow of Uranus by Cronus. In this version of the myth, they were only later imprisoned in Tartarus by Cronus.

The Hecatonchires remained there, guarded by the dragon Campe, until Zeus rescued them, advised by Gaia that they would serve as good allies against Cronus. During the War of the Titans, the Hecatonchires threw rocks as big as mountains, one hundred at a time, at the Titans, overwhelming them. Hesiod, in continuing the "Theogony" (624, 639, 714, 734-35) reports the three Hecatonchires became the guards of the gates of Tartarus. Other accounts make Briareus one of the assailants of Olympus, who, after his defeat, was buried under Mount Aetna (Callimachus, "Hymn to Delos", 141).

Briareos as the "sea-goat" Aigaion

The sea-goat Aigaion "cannot be distinguished from Hesiod's Briareos", according to M.L. West; they are already explicitly linked in "Iliad" I.402-04, though they must have had separate origins: [West 2002:111.] :...the monster of the hundred arms whom the gods call Briareus, but mankind Aegaeon, a giant more powerful even than his father." ["Homer: The Iliad", E.V. Rieu, translator.]

This episode, alluded to in "Iliad" (i.399ff), is found nowhere else in Greek mythology: at one time the Olympian gods were trying to overthrow Zeus but were stopped when the sea nymph Thetis brought one of the Hecatonchires to his aid, him whom the gods call Briareios but men call Aigaion ("goatish" "Iliad" i.403). ["At one time he must have shared with the goddess dominion over the depths of the Aegean Sea". (Kerenyi 1951:24). Achilles is speaking to Thetis, his mother, recalling the archaic myth that is attested only here in the "Iliad". Briareus/Aigaion belongs to this deep-buried mythic level: "He squatted by the Son of Cronos with such a show of force that the blessed gods slunk off in terror, leaving Zeus free."

Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes (i. 1165) represent Aegaeon as a son of Gaea and Pontus, the Sea, ruling the fabulous Aegaea in Euboea, an enemy of Poseidon and the inventor of warships. He is a marine deity in Ovid ("Metamorphoses" (ii. 10) and in Philostratus' "Life of Apollonius of Tyana" (iv. 6) (Theoi.com).] Hesiod reconciles the archaic Hecatonchires with the Olympian pantheon by making of Briareos the son-in-law of Poseidon, he "giving him Kymopoliea his daughter to wed." ("Theogony" 817).

In a Corinthian myth related in the second century CE to Pausanias ("Description of Greece" ii. 1.6 and 4.7), Briareus was the arbitrator in a dispute between Poseidon and Helios, between sea and sun: he adjudged the Isthmus of Corinth to belong to Poseidon and the acropolis of Corinth (Acrocorinth) sacred to Helios.

In Virgil's "Aeneid" (10.566-67), Aeneas is likened in a simile to "Aegaeon," though in Virgil's account Aegaeon fought on the side of the Titans rather than the Olympians; in this Virgil was following the lost Corinthian epic "Titanomachy" rather than the more familiar account in Hesiod.

Adaptations

Briareus is mentioned in the "Divine Comedy" as one of the Titans who attacked Jove on Olympus. He is in the pit of the giants in the ninth circle of hell (Inferno XXXI.99). The giant is also mentioned in Cervantes´ Don Quixote, in the famous episode of the windmills.

Cottus plays a role in the Post-Crisis origin of DC Comics' Amazons of Themyscira.

Briareos is the name of one of the combat partners who are the protagonists of the Appleseed manga series and its several film adaptations. Most of the characters in the series are named for entities from Greek mythology; in Briareos' case the significance appears to be fairly superficial, referring to his strength and command of the Hecatonchires cyborg body.

Briareos plays a part in the children's novel "The Battle of the Labyrinth", where his name is spelled Briares.

In the 2007 game Ace Combat 6: Fires of Liberation, five enemy super-weapons are named after the Hecatonchires. One was called the P-1112 'Aigaion' Heavy Command Cruiser/Aerial Air craft Carrier, two were called the P-1113 'Kottos' Electronic Warfare Platform and the last two were called the P-1114 'Gyges' Fire Support System.

Notes

References

*Hesiod's Theogony, 147ff.
* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod.+1.1.1 "Bibliotheca" I.1.1]
*Ovid, "Fasti" iv.593
*Horace "Carminae" II.17.14, III.4.69
*Karl Kerenyi, "Gods of the Greeks", London, Thames and Hudson, 1951.
* [http://www.theoi.com/Titan/HekatonkheirBriareos.html Theoi Project - Hekatonheir Briareos]

See also

*Greek mythology