Kaliszanie

Kaliszanie (literally: "ones from Kalisz") or Kalisz Opposition was a semi-formal political group opposed to the conservative authorities of the Kingdom of Poland in the period preceding the outbreak of the November Uprising. The circle was formed around 1820 by brothers Bonawentura and Wincenty Niemojowski, two liberal politicians from the western provinces of Poland. The group was opposed to the government, yet supported only legal means of political struggle. Its main aims were the defence of the autonomy of Congress Poland within the Russian Empire and the Polish Constitution of 1815. They also played a pivotal role in founding of the National Patriotic Societypl icon cite book | author =Czesław Łuczak | coauthors =Jerzy Topolski, Witold Jakóbczyk | title =Dzieje Wielkopolski (History of Greater Poland) | year =1969 | editor = | pages =822 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Wydawnictwo Poznańskie | location =Poznań | id = | url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC69551538&id=lWsdAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaliszanie&dq=Kaliszanie&pgis=1 | format = | accessdate = ] .

Although opposing to any means of revolutionary changespl icon cite book | author =Irena Koberdowa | coauthors = | title =Między pierwszą a drugą Rzecząpospolitą: Dzieje Polski (The History of Poland: Bteween the First and the Second Republic) | year =1976 | editor = | pages =105 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Wiedza Powszechna | location =Warsaw | id = | url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02626080&id=0aYbAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaliszanie&dq=Kaliszanie&pgis=1 | format = | accessdate = ] , the "Kaliszanie" eventually supported the November Uprising and joined the ranks of the National Government in 1830. During the period of struggle against Russia the "Kaliszanie" practically dominated the government, controlling the ministries of internal affairs, treasury and warpl icon cite book | author =Marceli Handelsman | coauthors =Adam Jerzy Czartoryski | title =Adam Czartoryski | year =1948 | editor = | pages =145-162 | chapter =Kaliszanie | chapterurl = | publisher =Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie | location =Warsaw | id = | url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC45687187&id=WwYSAAAAIAAJ&q=Kaliszanie&dq=Kaliszanie&pgis=1 | format = | accessdate = ] . Following the fall of the uprising in 1831, most of its members had to flee Poland and continued their political activities abroadpl icon cite journal | author =Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk Wydział Historii i Nauk Społecznych (corporate author) | year =1948 | month = | title = | journal =Czasopismo prawno-historyczne | volume =18 | issue =1 | pages =286–287 | id = | url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC04289745&id=FkAUAAAAIAAJ&q=Kaliszanie&dq=Kaliszanie&pgis=1 | format = | accessdate = ] , notably in London and Paris.

Among the noted politicians commonly associated with the movement were Alojzy and Józef Biernacki, Teodor and Teofil Morawski, Bonawentura, Jan Nepomucen and Wincenty Niemojowski, Antoni Jan and Władysław Tomasz Ostrowski, Ignacy Prądzyński, Stanisław Kaczkowski, Józef Komorowski, Jan Nepomucen Umiński and Walenty Zwierkowski.

Notes and references

::In-line:::General:
* cite book | author =Władysław Bortnowski | coauthors = | title =Kaliszanie: kartki z dziejów Królestwa Polskiego (Kaliszanie: notes on the history of the Kingdom of Poland) | year =1976 | editor = | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Książka i Wiedza | location =Warsaw | id = | url =http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03629382&id=UKYbAAAAMAAJ&q=Kaliszanie&dq=Kaliszanie&pgis=1 | format = | accessdate =
* cite book | author =various authors | coauthors = | title =Osiemnaście wieków Kalisza (18 Centuries of Kalisz) | year =1960-1962 | editor =Aleksander Gieysztor | pages =1386 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Wydawnictwo Poznańskie | location =Poznań | id = | url = | format = | accessdate =
* cite book | author =Jerzy Topolski | coauthors = | title =Wielkopolska poprzez wieki (Greater Poland throughout the ages) | year =1999 | editor = | pages =471 | chapter = | chapterurl = | publisher =Wydawnictwo Poznańskie | location =Poznań | id =ISBN 837177057X | url = | format = | accessdate =