Carsharing

:"This article deals with the use of shared cars for public transport purposes. For the activity of private sharing arrangements between car owners, see Carpool"

Carsharing is a model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time, often by the hour. They are attractive to customers who make only occasional use of a vehicle, as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a different type than they use day-to-day. The organization renting the cars may be a commercial business or the users may be organized as a democratically-controlled company, public agency, cooperative, "ad hoc" grouping. Today there are more than six hundred cities in the world where people can carshare. [cite web | title = World Carshare Cities: Inventories | publisher = World Carshare Consortium | url = http://ecoplan.org/carshare/general/cities.htm#latest | accessdate = 2007-07-04]

The term carsharing is also used for carpooling or ride sharing some places.

Description

Despite its evident English language origins, the term "carsharing" (earlier often written as two separate words, and still today occasionally hyphenated) is now the widely accepted international term. Synonyms include "autodelen" in Dutch, "autopartage" in French, "bildeling" in Danish, and "bilpool" in Swedish. In the United Kingdom the term "car clubs" is used, while "car sharing" is also used to refer to ride sharing.

"Carpooling" or "ride-sharing" refers to the shared use of a car for a specific journey, in particular for commuting to work, often by people who each have a car but travel together to save costs. However, there is a slight terminological hitch in the UK where the term "car sharing" (two words in this usage) is used for what in the U.S. is called "ride sharing". Carsharing in the sense discussed in this article is a recent development in Britain, and while such plans are still known more known as "car clubs" (a term which, in the U.S., refers strictly to a club of car hobbyists) the international term "carsharing" is gradually gaining currency there as well.

As is often the case with innovations that spring up more or less spontaneously in different parts of the world, operations are organized in many different ways in different places, according to the objectives of the organizers and users. A small informal start-up may have only one shared car, and only a handful of sharers. Larger services tend to focus on urban areas where there are many potential customers.

Carsharing differs from traditional car rentals in the following ways::*Carsharing is not limited by office hours:*Reservation, pickup, and return is all self-service:*Vehicles can be rented by the hour, as well as by the day:*Users are members and have been pre-approved to drive (background driving checks have been performed and a payment mechanism has been established):*Vehicle locations are distributed throughout the service area, and often located for access by public transport.:*Insurance and fuel costs are included in the rates.

Some carshare operations (CSOs) cooperate with local car rental firms to offer best value to their customers (in particular in situations where classic rental may be the cheaper option.)

Urban car sharing is often promoted as an alternative to owning a car where public transit, walking, and cycling can be used most of the time and a car is only necessary for out-of-town trips, moving large items, or special occasions. It can also be an alternative to owning multiple cars for households with more than one driver. A long-term study of City CarShare members by Robert Cervero, Professor of City and Regional Planning at the University of California, Berkeley, found that 30 percent of households that joined sold a car; others delayed purchasing one. Transit use, bicycling, and walking also increased among members.Fact|date=July 2008

Car sharing is generally not cost-effective for commuting to a full-time job on a regular basis. Most carsharing advocates, operators and cooperating public agencies believe that those who do not drive daily or who drive less than 10,000 kilometers (about 6,200 statute miles) annually may find carsharing to be more cost-effective than car ownership. [cite web | title = Bringing Carsharing to your Community | publisher = City Car Share | url = http://www.citycarshare.org/download/CCS_BCCtYC_Short.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-07-04] But variations of 50% on this figure are reported by operators and others depending on local context.Fact|date=July 2008 If occasional use of a shared vehicle costs significantly less than car ownership, this makes automobile use more accessible to low-income households.

Car sharing can also help reduce congestion and pollution. Replacing private automobiles with shared ones directly reduces demand for parking spaces. The fact that only a certain number of cars can be in use at any one time may reduce traffic congestion at peak times. Even more important for congestion, the strong metering of costs provides a cost incentive to drive less. With owned automobiles many expenses are independent of how much they are driven (such as original purchase, insurance, and maintenance). [ [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WorldCarShare/files/%20Research%2C%20resources/ shared library of resources and research] ]

Successful carsharing development has tended to be associated mainly with densely populated areas such as city centers and more recently university and other campuses. There are some programs (mostly in Europe) for providing services in lower density and rural areas.Fact|date=July 2008 Low-density areas are considered more difficult to serve with car sharing because of the lack of alternative modes of transportation and the potentially larger distance that users must travel to reach the cars.

How it works

The technology of CSOs varies enormously, from simple manual systems using key boxes and log books to increasingly complex computer-based systems with supporting software packages that handle a growing array of back office functions. The simplest CSOs have only one or two pick-up points, but more advanced systems have a decentralized network of parking locations (“pods”) stationed in different areas and located for access by public transport.

While differing markedly in their objectives, size, business models, levels of ambition, technology and target markets, these programs do share many features. The more established operations usually require a check of past driving records and a monthly or annual fee in order to become a member. The vehicle is reserved in advance, usually over the Internet or telephone (and increasingly by mobile phones, including by SMS). Most companies charge an hourly fee for the time that the car is in use, plus a fee per mile/km driven. Some CSOs offer a discounted all-day rate for their cars. If a vehicle is not returned at the scheduled time, a high penalty is charged, since it may interfere with other drivers' reservations. Members are responsible for leaving the vehicles on time, in the agreed parking area, clean and in good condition for the next user.

The car sharing company is generally responsible for the long-term maintenance of the vehicles.

History

The first reference to carsharing in print identifies the Selbstfahrergenossenshaft carshare program in a housing cooperative that got underway in Zürich in 1948, [cite web | title = The CarSharing Handbook (Part 1) | publisher = Rain Magazine | url = http://www.rainmagazine.com/handbook.htm | accessdate = 2007-07-04] but there was no known formal development of the concept in the next few years. By the 1960s as innovators, industrialists, cities, and public authorities studied the possibility of high-technology transportation—mainly computer-based small vehicle systems (almost all of them on separate guideways)—it was possible to spot some early precursors to present-day service ideas and control technologies.

The early 1970s saw the first whole-system carshare projects. The ProcoTip system in France lasted only about two years. A much more ambitious project called the Witkar was launched in Amsterdam by the founders of the 1968 white bicycles project. A sophisticated project based on small electric vehicles, electronic controls for reservations and return, and plans for a large number of stations covering the entire city, the project endured into the mid-1980s before finally being abandoned.

The 1980s and first half of the 1990s was a "coming of age" period for carsharing, with continued slow growth, mainly of smaller non-profit systems, many in Switzerland and Germany, but also on a smaller scale in Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada and the United States. The real watershed in the development of the sector came in the 1990s with such larger and more structured projects as StattAuto in Germany, the two precursors of Mobility CarSharing in Switzerland, [http://www.bilkollektivet.no Bilkollektivet] in Norway and Greenwheels in the Netherlands. Follow up developments include [http://www.communauto.com/ CommunAuto] , then [http://www.cooperativeauto.net/ Co-operative Auto Network] and later AutoShare in Canada, Flexcar Portland now Zipcar in Portland, Oregon, Zipcar in Boston and WhizzGo in England Nationwide and CityCarClub in England and Scotland. [http://www.goget.com.au Goget Carshare] was first to start in Australia in June 2003, followed by [http://smartdrivers.com.au Smartdrivers.com.au] in mid 2007.

This 1990s wave of innovation continued into the present decade, with carshare developments advancing at different speeds in different countries, but with a generally accelerating pace when taken in sum. The state of the art in carsharing in 2006 is increasingly competitive, increasingly well financed, and increasingly high tech. Smaller and simpler systems continue to grow in number and in some cases to prosper, but the emerging competition is in mid- and large-size cities. Whether the future belongs to non-profits or profit-making firms is hotly debated, with head-to-head competition in a growing list of cities, not only in the United States, including San Francisco and Washington, DC, but also in London in the United Kingdom where 3 main operators go head to head as well as Hamburg, Germany. At the same time, discussions and competition are increasing in European cities, where the winning model is still far from decided.

Accessibility

Adapting Car Sharing vehicles to persons with physical disabilities presents special challenges not faced by traditional car rental. With car sharing no mechanic is present to install or adjust adaptive equipment, and that equipment is left unattended after each use. In 2008 City CarShare introduced the first wheelchair carrying car share vehicle, the "Access Mobile", specifically designed as a fleet vehicle shared with, not segregated from, non-wheelchair users.

ee also

*List of carsharing operators
*Community bicycle program (bike sharing)
*Boat sharing

References

External links

* [http://www.carsharingworld.com Carsharing World - News and Information about Carsharing]
* [http://www.carsharing.net Car Sharing Network - North American Resource site]
* [http://eartheasy.com/live_car_sharing.htm Eartheasy - A resource for Carsharing programs around the world.]
* [http://www.nrdc.org/thisgreenlife/0610.asp Car-Sharing] Instant Advocate
* [http://www.transcoalition.org/ia/carshare/01.html Cars to Go] - Natural Resources Defense Council
* [http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm7.htm Transportation demand management Encyclopedia on Carsharing]
* [http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/ New Mobility Agenda]
* [http://www.ecoplan.org/carshare/ World CarShare Consortium (freely open to all)]
* [http://www.carsharing.ca Carsharing in Canada]
* [http://carsharingus.blogspot.com/ Carsharing USA (Dave Brook blog)]
* [http://www.innovativemobility.org/research/carsharing/carsharing_overview.htm Innovative Mobility Research: Up-to-date worldwide carsharing research]