Willamette Falls

Infobox Waterfall

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caption=
name=Willamette Falls
location=Oregon City, Oregon
type=block
height=Convert|40|ft|m|0|abbr=on
drop=
number_drops=1
flow=30,849 cu ft/s (874 m³/s)
heightrank=
coordinates=coord|45.35239|-122.61763The Willamette Falls is a natural waterfall on the Willamette River between Oregon City and West Linn, Oregon, in the United States. It is the largest waterfall in the Pacific Northwest and the eighteenth largest in the world by water volume. [cite web | title = World's Largest Waterfalls | publisher = World Waterfall Database | url = http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 ]

It is a horseshoe shaped block waterfall caused by a basalt shelf in the river floor. The 40 ft (12 m) high and 1500 ft (457 m) wide falls occur 26 river miles (42 km) upstream from the Willamette's confluence with the Columbia River.

Native American legends taught that the falls were placed there by a great god so that their people would have fish to eat all winter. Many local tribes built villages in the area because of the abundance of salmon that could only pass the falls at certain water levels. Native Americans still harvest Pacific Lamprey at the falls each year in the early summer. Willamette Falls is a traditional fishing site for the Warm Springs Indians as well as other tribes. It was first discovered by European fur traders in 1810. John McLoughlin established a land claim at the falls in the name of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1829. [cite web | title = The City on Willamette Falls | publisher = End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Cente | url = http://www.endoftheoregontrail.org/road2oregon/sa27ORcity.html ] Oregon City, Oregon was established in 1842 near the east end of the falls, and what is now West Linn, Oregon was formed on the western shore 1843.

Navigating past the falls was not possible until the completion of the Willamette Falls Locks in 1873. This four lock canal is the oldest continuous operating, multiple lift navigation canal in the United States. The locks were sold by the Willamette Falls Canal and Locks Company to the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1915.

The Willamette Falls Electric Company (later renamed Portland General Electric) was formed in 1888 to build a hydro-electric generation facility at the falls. Four turbine driven dynamos were built on the east end of the falls. A 14 mile (23 km) long transmission line to Portland was built, becoming the United States' first long distance transmission of electrical energy. [cite web | title = Power Generation | publisher = Northwest RiverPartners | url = http://www.nwriverpartners.org/power_generation.htm ] [cite web | title = PGE - 2/5/04 News Release | publisher = Portland General Electric | url = http://www.portlandgeneral.com/about_pge/news/sullivan_relicensing.asp ] In 1895 Portland General Electric built a second generation station on the west side of the falls. The newer plant, Station B, is still in operation with a capacity of 14,000 kilowatts. The old plant is currently part of the Blue Heron Paper Company.

The falls have been home to several paper mills beginning with the Oregon City Paper Manufacturing Co. in 1866. The Willamette Pulp and Paper Co. opened on the West Linn side during 1889. The ownership of the mills has changed several times; the present day owners are the West Linn Paper Company and the Blue Heron Paper Company.

The industrialization of the area led to diminishing salmon and steelhead runs, prompting the construction of a fish ladder in 1882. A new fish ladder, built in 1971, is currently operated by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. The estimated spring chinook salmon run for 2007 run is 52,000. [cite web | title = 2007 Willamette Spring Chinook Catch and Falls Counts | publisher = Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife | url = http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish_counts/Willam.htm#counts ]

The industrialization has also precluded public access to the base of the waterfall for well over a century. The public can view the falls from a signed viewpoint along Highway 99E, from the Oregon City Bridge, from a viewpoint on northbound I-205, and a boat in the river.

References

External links

* [http://willamettefalls.org/ Willamette Falls Heritage Foundation] - Partners, stewards and advocates of the culture and heritage at Willamette Falls
* [http://www.waterfallsnorthwest.com/waterfalldetail.php?id=1920 Waterfalls Northwest: Willamette Falls]
*Geolinks-US-streetscale|45.351872|-122.618094