Bearskin

A bearskin is a tall fur cap, usually worn as part of a ceremonial military uniform. Traditionally, the bearskin was the headgear of grenadiers, and is still worn by regiments of grenadiers and foot guards in various armies.

Origins

The cloth caps worn by the original grenadiers in European armies during the 17th century were frequently trimmed with fur. The practice fell into disuse until the second half of the eighteenth century when grenadiers in the British, Spanish and French armies began wearing high fur hats with cloth tops and, sometimes, ornamental front plates. The purpose appears to have been to add to the apparent height and impressive appearance of these troops both on the parade ground and the battlefield. [ Military Uniforms of the World: Preben Kannil SBN 71370482 9 ] . During the nineteenth century, the expense of obtaining bearskin caps (and difficulty of maintaining them in good condition on active service) led to this form of headdress becoming generally limited to guardsmen, bands or other units having a ceremonial role. The British Foot Guards did however wear bearskins in battle during the Crimean War and on peacetime manoeuvers until the introduction of khaki service dress in 1902. [ British Military Uniforms From Contemporary Pictures: W.Y.Carman Hamlyn Publishing Group 1968 ] .

Belgian use

Until 1914 bearskins were worn in parade uniform by the "Regiment der Grenadiers" ("Regiment of Grenadiers") of the Belgian Army. The modern regiment has readopted this headdress for limited ceremonial purposes. [ Les Soldats de Leopold Ist et Leopold II: Guy Derie/John Pacco. Published Paul Legrain Bruxelles.] .

British use

Following the Battle of Waterloo and the action in which they gained their name, the Grenadier Guards were permitted to wear the bearskin. This tradition was later extended to the other two regiments of Guards. The officers of Fusilier regiments also wore the bearskin as part of their ceremonial uniform. The bearskin should not be mistaken for the busby, which is a much smaller fur cap worn by the Royal Horse Artillery and hussar regiments in full dress. Nor should it be confused with the similar but smaller 'Sealskin' cap worn by other ranks of the Royal Fusiliers, actually made of racoon skin [ A Dictionary of Military Uniform: W.Y.Carman ISBN 0-684-15130-9 ] .

The standard bearskin of the British Foot Guards is 18 inches tall, weighs one and a half pounds and is made from the fur of the Canadian Brown Bear and is dyed black. This is because the brown bear has thicker fuller fur. The British Army purchase the hats, which are known as caps, from a British hat maker, which sources its pelts from an international auction. The hatmakers purchase between 50 and 100 black bear skins each year at a cost of about £650 each. [ [http://english.people.com.cn/200606/17/eng20060617_275000.html British Royal Guards criticized for wearing bearskin hats on Queen's Birthday] ] Proper maintenance of the caps allows them to last for decades. Some bearskin caps in use are reportedly more than 100 years old.

Opposition

On 3 August, 1888, the New York Times reported that bearskin caps might be phased out because of a shortage of bear skins. The article stated that, at that time, bearskin hats cost £7 5s each and noted “it can readily be seen what a price has to be paid for keeping up a custom which is rather old, it is true, but is practically a useless one save for the purpose of military display..” [ [http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9F01E3DC1E38E533A25750C0A96E9C94699FD7CF&oref=slogin Bearskin Hats in Danger] ]

In 1997, Minister for Defence Procurement, Baron Gilbert stated that he wanted to see bearskins phased out as soon as possible due to ethical concerns, [ [http://www.cnn.com/EARTH/9708/13/britain.bearskin.ap/ Buckingham guards' bearskins face their Waterloo] ] but no replacement was available at that time.

In 2005, the Ministry of Defence began a two-year test of artificial fur for the hats. The army has already replaced beaver hats and leopard skins, worn by some of its soldiers, with artificial materials. [ [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7848678/ Military under pressure to replace royal guards’ famous caps] ] In March, 2005, Labour MP Chris Mullin called for an immediate ban on bearskin hats stating that they “have no military significance and involve unnecessary cruelty.” [ [http://sports.espn.go.com/outdoors/hunting/news/story?id=2496582 Call to ban British royal guards from wearing bearskin hats gains support] ]

Animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals has protested against the continued use of real fur for the guards’ hats, alleging that the animals are killed cruelly. For several years, PETA members have held demonstrations, including one with 70 naked protesters at St Peters Hill, near St Paul's Cathedral, in 2006. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/5002082.stm Naked demo against bearskin hats] ] PETA wants the fur hats to be replaced with synthetic materials and claims that the Ministry of Defence has not done enough to find alternatives. Supporters of the headgear claim that the animals used are not killed for their fur but are roadkill or culled animals. A website purporting to be “an historical encyclopedia of the land forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth” claims that Inuit hunters cull 40,000 black bears annually out of a population of more than a million. [ [http://www.regiments.org/about/faq/guards.htm Who Are the Soldiers Guarding Buckingham Palace, and Why Do They Wear Fur Hats] ] [ [http://www.wwf.ca/NewsAndFacts/NewsRoom/default.asp?section=archive&page=display&ID=1270&lang=EN Black Bear Study Finds Growing Populations, But Combating Illegal Trade Remains a Challenge] ]

Nations which currently use bearskins

*BEL: Belgian Army
** Mounted Royal Escort (1830) World Uniforms in Colour volume 1—The European Nations: Rinaldo D'Ami ISBN 85059 031 0 ]
*CAN: Canadian Army
** Royal 22^e Régiment (1914), [ [http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?t=123014 Uniform of the Royal 22^e Régiment photo] ]
** Governor General's Foot Guards (1861), [ [http://www.cyberus.ca/~ggfg/traditions.htm GGFG – About] ]
** Canadian Grenadier Guards (1764), [ [http://www.swulinski.com/travels/CanadianGrenadier.html The Canadian Guards - photos] ] ,
*DEN: Royal Danish Army
** Royal Life Guards or "Den Kongelige Livgarde" (1658)
*ITA: Italian Army
** The 1st Grenadier Regiments or "Granatieri di Sardegna" (1659) [ [http://tripatlas.com/Grenadier_(soldier)#Continuing%20traditions Continuing Traditions] ]
** 2nd Grenadier Regiments or "Granatieri di Sardegna" (1774) [ [http://tripatlas.com/Grenadier_(soldier)#Continuing%20traditions Continuing Traditions] ]
*NED: Royal Netherlands Army
** The Guard Grenadiers or "Grenadiers Garde" (1829) - now Garderegiment Grenadiers en Jagers
*SWE: Royal Swedish Army
** Royal Life Guards or "Kungliga Livgardet" (1521) [ [http://www.hogvakten.mil.se/article.php?lang=E&id=8881 The Royal Life Guards] ]
*UK: British Army
** the five regiments of Foot Guards

In addition to the specific units named above, bearskins are worn by limited categories of other military personnel with ceremonial functions. These include the band and corps of drums of the British Army's Honourable Artillery Company (1537), band and pioneers of The Royal Regiment of Canada (1936), and band masters of both the Royal Australian Regiment (1936) and the United States Marine Band (1798).

ee also

*Feather bonnet which slightly resembles a bearskin.

References