Scrophulariaceae

Taxobox
name = Figwort family

---

image_width = 240px
image_caption = "Scrophularia nodosa"
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Magnoliopsida
ordo = Lamiales
familia = Scrophulariaceae
familia_authority = Juss.
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision = See text.

Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, is a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with zygomorphic (rarely actinomorphic) flowers. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus "Scrophularia" L..

In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several new families [cite journal |author = Olmstead, R. G., dePamphilis, C. W., Wolfe, A. D., Young, N. D., Elisons, W. J. & Reeves P. A.|title = Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal= American Journal of Botany| volume= 88| pages = 348–361| year=2001 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/88/2/348 | doi = 10.2307/2657024 | pmid = 11222255] [cite journal | author = Olmstead, R. G. | title = Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? | journal=Fremontia|volume = 30| pages= 13–22|year=2003 - on line [http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/Spring/WebReadings/PdfReadings/Scrophulariaceae.pdf here] ] . Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae "sensu lato".

The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:
* "Leptandra", black root, Culver's root
* "Rehmannia", Chinese foxglove, used in Traditional Chinese medicine
* "Scrophularia", figworts
* "Verbascum", mulleins

Included genera

*"Alectra" Thunb.
*"Alonsoa" Ruiz & Pav.
*"Aureolaria" Raf. -- Yellow False foxglove
*"Brachystigma" Pennell -- Desert foxglove
*"Buchnera" L. -- Bluehearts
*"Buddleja" -- Butterfly-bush
*"Capraria" L.
*"Chaenorrhinum" -- Dwarf Snapdragon
*"Dasistoma" Raf.
*"Diascia"
*"Diplacus" Nutt. -- Bush monkeyflower
*"Hemianthus" Nutt.
*"Ilysanthes"
*"Lendneria" Minod
*"Leptandra" -- Black root, Culver's root, Leptandra)
*"Leucophyllum" [Olmstead, 2001]
*"Leucospora" Nutt.
*"Limosella" -> Plantaginaceae -> Scrophulariaceae (according to Oxelman "et al." 2005) [cite journal| author = Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B.| title= Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae | journal=Taxon| volume = 54|isuue = 2|pages= 411–425| year = 2005]
*"Macranthera" Nutt.
*"Mimetanthe" Greene
*"Nemesia"
*"Phygelius" E.Mey. ex Benth. -- Cape fuchsia
*"Rehmannia" Libosch.
*"Schwalbea" L. -- Schwalbea
*"Scrophularia" L. -- Figwort
*"Seymeria" Pursh -- Black senna
*"Sutera" "Bacopa"
*"Tomanthera"
*"Verbascum" L. -- Mullein

Excluded genera

The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated:

*"Agalinis" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Amphianthus" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Angelonia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Antirrhinum" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Bacopa" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Bartsia" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Bellardia" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Besseya" -> Plantaginaceae [ [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1435 Besseya] at GRIN Taxonomy for Plants]
*"Calceolaria" -> Calceolariaceae
*"Castilleja" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Chaenorrhinum" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Chelone" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Chionophila" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Collinsia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Cordylanthus" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Cymbalaria" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Digitalis" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Dopatrium" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Epixiphium" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Euphrasia" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Galvezia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Gambelia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Glossostigma" -> Phrymaceae
*"Gratiola" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Hebe" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Holmgrenanthe" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Howelliella" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Keckiella" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Kickxia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Lagotis" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Limnophila" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Linaria" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Lindernia" -> Plantaginaceae, also placed within its own family Linderniaceae according to Haston "et al" 2007 (also known as LAPG II). [cite journal| last =Haston, E.| first = Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. | title = A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families| journal = Taxon| volume = 56| issue = 1| year = 2007| pages = 7–12| doi = ]
*"Lophospermum" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Mabrya" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Maurandella" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Maurandya" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Mazus" -> Phrymaceae
*"Mecardonia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Melampyrum" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Micranthemum" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Mimulus" -> Phrymaceae
*"Misopates" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Mohavea" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Nemesia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Neogaerrhinum" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Nothochelone" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Nuttallanthus" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Odontites" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Orobanche" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Orthocarpus" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Parentucellia" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Paulownia" -> Paulowniaceae
*"Pedicularis" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Penstemon" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Pseudorontium" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Rhinanthus" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Russelia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Sairocarpus" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Schistophragma" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Scoparia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Stemodia" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Striga" -> Orobanchaceae [cite journal | title = The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series | author = Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | date = Autumn, 1999 | pages = 876 | doi = 10.2307/2666173] [Olmstead, 2001]
*"Synthyris" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Tonella" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Torenia" L. -> Linderniaceae
*"Triphysaria" -> Orobanchaceae
*"Veronica" -> Plantaginaceae
*"Veronicastrum" -> Plantaginaceae

References

External links

* [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?SCROPHULARIACEAE Kew list of Scrophulariaceae]
* [http://flowersinisrael.com/FamScrophulariaceae.html Family Scrophulariaceae] Flowers in Israel