Chemosh

Chemosh

Chemosh (play /ˈkmɒʃ/; from Hebrew: כְּמוֹשׁ[keˈmoʃ]), was the god of the Moabites (Num. 21:29; Jer. 48:7, 13, 46). The etymology of "Chemosh" is unknown. He is also known from Ebla as Kamish.

According to the Hebrew Bible, the worship of this god, "the abomination of Moab," was introduced at Jerusalem by Solomon (1 Kings 11:7), but was abolished by Josiah (2 Kings 23:13). On the Moabite stone, Mesha (2 Kings 3:5) ascribed his victories over the king of Israel to this god, "And Chemosh drove him before my sight."

According to Morris Jastrow, Jr. and George A. Barton in the Jewish Encyclopedia,

The national god of the Moabites. He became angry with his people and permitted them to become the vassals of Israel; his anger passed, he commanded Mesha to fight against Israel, and Moabitish independence was reestablished (Moabite Stone, lines 5, 9, 14 et seq.). A king in the days of Sennacherib was called "Chemoshnadab" ("K. B." ii. 90 et seq. ; see Jehonadab). Chemosh was a god associated with the Semitic mother-goddess Ashtar, whose name he bears (Moabite Stone, line 17; compare Barton, "Semitic Origins," iv.). Peake wrongly holds that Ashtar-Chemosh was a deity distinct from Chemosh, while Moore and Bäthgen ("Beiträge zur Semitischen Religionsgeschichte," p. 14) regard "Ashtar" in this name as equivalent to "Astarte," who they believe was worshipped in the temple of Chemosh. "Ashtar" is more probably masculine here, as in South Arabia, and another name for Chemosh, the compound "Ashtar-Chemosh" being formed like "Yhwh-Elohim" or "Yhwh-Sebaoth." Whatever differences of conception may have attached to the god at different shrines, there is no adequate reason for doubting the substantial identity of the gods to whom these various names were applied. Hosea ix. 10 is proof that at some period (according to Wellhausen, at the time of the prophet himself) the impure cult of the Semitic goddess was practised at Baal-peor (compare Wellhausen, "Kleine Prophetell"; Nowack's Commentary; and G. A. Smith, "Twelve Prophets," ad loc.). Chemosh, therefore,was in general a deity of the same nature as Baal. On critical occasions a human sacrifice was considered necessary to secure his favor (compare II Kings iii. 27), and when deliverance came, a sanctuary might be built to him (Moabite Stone, line 3). An ancient poem, twice quoted in the Old Testament (Num. xxi. 27-30; Jer. xlviii. 45, 46), regards the Moabites as the children of Chemosh, and also calls them "the people of Chemosh".

The name of the father of Mesha, Chemosh-melek ("Chemosh is Malik" or "Chemosh is king"; compare Moabite Stone, line 1), indicates the possibility that Chemosh and Malik (or Moloch) were one and the same deity. Judges xi. 24 has been thought by some to be a proof of this, since it speaks of Chemosh as the god of the Ammonites, while Moloch is elsewhere their god (compare I Kings xi. 7, 33). Several critics regard the statement in Judges as a mistake; but such an error was not unnatural. since both Chemosh and Moloch were developed, in different environments, from the same primitive divinity, and possessed many of the same epithets.

Solomon is said to have built a sanctuary to Chemosh on the Mount of Olives (I Kings xi. 7, 33), which was maintained till the reform of Josiah (II Kings xxiii. 13). This movement by Solomon was no doubt to some extent a political one, but it made the worship of Chemosh a part of the religious life of Israel for nearly 400 years.

However, according to II Kings xi. 7, evidence is given that Chemosh and Moloch were two different gods or perhaps two manifestations of the same god, at least to the peoples who worshiped them. Solomon had "high places" built for both gods at the same time and in the same location, "on the mountain which is East of Jerusalem." Both Chemosh and Molech may have had the same origins but if so, by Solomon's time they had been denominated into differing objects for different peoples, Chemosh for the Moabites and Moloch for the Ammonites. According to Genesis xix. 30-38, both the Moabites and the Ammonites were descended from the two sons of Lot (themselves half-brothers by his two daughters), Moab and Ben-ammi, which would corroborate the notion that they share a common origin.

Literary references

Next CHEMOS, th' obscene dread of MOABS Sons,
From AROER to NEBO, and the wild
Of Southmost ABARIM; in HESEBON
And HERONAIM, SEONS Realm, beyond
The flowry Dale of SIBMA clad with Vines,
And ELEALE to th' ASPHALTICK Pool.
PEOR his other Name, when he entic'd
ISRAEL in SITTIM on their march from NILE
To do him wanton rites, which cost them woe.
Yet thence his lustful Orgies he enlarg'd
Even to that Hill of scandal [the Mount of Olives], by the Grove
Of MOLOCH homicide, lust hard by hate;
Till good JOSIAH drove them thence to Hell.

This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.


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  • CHEMOSH — (Heb. כְּמוֹשׁ), the chief god of the Moabites. The Bible uses the form kemosh (Num. 21:29; Jer. 48:13, et al.), while in the mesha stele the name appears as kmš, lacking the vav. In other epigraphic material the name appears as the theophoric… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • CHEMOSH — Moabitarum numen. Ierem. c. 48. v. 46. Χαμῶς LXX. interpretes vocant; et nomine tantummodo a Phegorio Deo hunc distare sentit D. Hieronymus. Philo Iudaeus, Allegor. 2. Χαμὼς ἑρμηνεύεται ὡς ψηλάφημα, quod caecorum fere proprium. Sane mosch est… …   Hofmann J. Lexicon universale

  • Chemosh — /kee mosh/, n. a Moabite god. Jer. 48. * * * ▪ Semitic deity  ancient West Semitic deity, revered by the Moabites as their supreme god. Little is known about Chemosh; although King Solomon of Israel built a sanctuary to him east of Jerusalem (1… …   Universalium

  • Chemosh —    The destroyer, subduer, or fish god, the god of the Moabites (Num. 21:29; Jer. 48:7, 13, 46). The worship of this god, the abomination of Moab, was introduced at Jerusalem by Solomon (1 Kings 11:7), but was abolished by Josiah (2 Kings 23:13) …   Easton's Bible Dictionary

  • Chemosh — The god of Moab for whom Solomon built a high place (1 Kgs. 11:7) which Josiah later destroyed (2 Kgs. 23:13). A stela dedicated to Chemosh by King Moab was discovered in 1868 with cultic language similar to that of Israelites for Yahweh …   Dictionary of the Bible

  • Chemosh (Dragonlance) — Chemosh Created by Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman Game information Homeland The Beyond Gender Male Race God of Evil Alignment Evil …   Wikipedia

  • Chemosh (disambiguation) — Chemosh refers to more than one thing: For the biblical God of the Moabites, see Chemosh For the Dragonlance God, see Chemosh (Dragonlance) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an …   Wikipedia

  • Chemosh-nadab — (Assyrian Kammusu Nadbi) was the king of Moab during the reign of Sennacherib. He is described on Sennacherib s Prism as bringing tribute to the Assyrian king during the latter s Levantine campaigns. This biography of a member of a Middle Eastern …   Wikipedia

  • Chemosh — Kemoch Kemoch, parfois appelé Chamôs, était le dieu des Amorites puis des Moabites. Comme beaucoup d autres dieux, Kemoch était honoré de sacrifices humains. Certains pensent que le roi Moabite lui offrit son fils en holocauste lorsque sa ville,… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • CHEMOSH —    the national god of the Moabites, akin to Moloch, and their stay in battle, but an abomination to the children of Jehovah …   The Nuttall Encyclopaedia

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