- Sagalassos
Sagalassos is an
archaeological site in southwesternTurkey , about 100 km north ofAntalya (ancientAttaleia ), and 30 km fromBurdur andIsparta . The ancient ruins of Sagalassos are 7 km fromAğlasun in the province ofBurdur , on Mount Akdağ, in the Western Toros mountain range, at an altitude of 1450-1700 metres.In Roman Imperial times, the town was known as the 'first city ofPisidia ', a region in the westernTaurus mountains , currently known as theTurkish Lakes Region . Already during theHellenistic period, it had been one of the major Pisidian towns.Introduction
The urban site was laid out on various terraces at an altitude between 1400 and 1600 m. After having suffered from a major earthquake in the early sixth century CE, the town still managed to recover, but a cocktail of epidemics, water shortages, a general lack of security and stability, a failing economy and finally another devastating earthquake around the middle of the seventh century forced the inhabitants to abandon their town and resettle in the valley.
Large-scale excavations started in 1990 under the direction of
Marc Waelkens of theKatholieke Universiteit Leuven . A large number of buildings, monuments and other archaeological remains have been exposed, documenting the monumental aspect of theHellenistic , Roman and early Byzantine history of this town.History
Human settlement in the area goes back to 8000 BCE, before the actual site was occupied. Hittite documents refer to a mountain site of "Salawassa" in the fourteenth century BCE and the town spread during the
Phrygia n andLydia n cultures. Sagalassos was part of the region ofPisidia in the western part of theTaurus Mountains . During the Persian period, Pisidia became known for its warlike factions.Sagalassos was one of the wealthiest cities in Pisidia when
Alexander the Great conquered it in333 BCE on his way to Persia. It had a population of a few thousand. After Alexander died, the region became part of territories ofAntigonus Monophthalmus , possiblyLysimachus of Thrace , theSeleucids ofSyria and theAttalid s ofPergamon . Archeological record indicates that locals rapidly adopted Hellenic culture.The
Roman Empire absorbed Pisidia after the Attalids and it became part of province of Asia. In39 BCE it was handed out to Galatianclient king Amyntas but after he was killed in25 BCE , Rome turned Pisidia into the province of Galatia. Under the Roman Empire, Sagalassos became the important urban center of Pisidia, particularly favoured by the EmperorHadrian , who named it the "first city" of the province and the center of theimperial cult . Contemporary buildings have a fully Roman character.Around
400 CE Sagalassos was fortified for defence. Anearthquake devastated it in518 and a plague circa 541-543 halved the local population. Arab raids threatened the town around 640 and after another earthquake destroyed the town in the middle of the seventh century, the site was abandoned. The populace probably resettled in the valley. Excavations have found only signs of a fortified monastery -- possibly a religious community, which was destroyed in the twelfth century. Sagalassos disappeared from the records.In the following centuries, erosion covered the ruins of Sagalassos. It was not looted in significant extent, possibly because of its location.
Explorer Paul Lucas, who was traveling in
Turkey on a mission for the court ofLouis XIV of France , visited the ruins in 1706. After 1824, when Francis Vyvyan Jago Arundell (1780 - 1846), the British chaplain at Izmir and an antiquary, visited the site and deciphered its name in inscriptions, [F.V.J. Arundell, "Discoveries in Asia Minor: Including a Description of the Ruins of Several Ancient Cities, Espcially Antioch of Pisidia", 2 vols. (London) 1834; [http://www.sagalassos.be/pisidie/english/redis.htm "The Rediscovery of Sagalassos"] ] Western travelers begun to visit the ruins. Austrian countK. Lanckoronski produced the first map of Sagalassos. However, the city did not attract much archaeological attention until1985 , when a British-Belgian team led by Stephen Mitchell begun a major survey of the site.Modern project
From 1990 Sagalassos, a major tourist site, has become a major excavation project led by
Marc Waelkens of theCatholic University of Leuven inBelgium . The monumental city center is now exposed; four major restoration projects are (nearly) completed. The project also undertakes an intensive urban andgeophysical survey, excavations in the domestic and industrial areas, and an intensive survey of the territory. The first survey documents a thousand years of occupation -- fromAlexander the Great to the seventh century -- while the latter has established the changing settlement patterns, the vegetation history and farming practices, the landscape formation and climatic changes during the last 10,000 years.On August 9, 2007, the press reported the discovery of a finely detailed, colossal
statue of the EmperorHadrian , which is thought to have been stood 4-5m in height. [cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6939024.stm |title=Giant statue of Hadrian unearthed |date=2007-08-09 |accessdate=2007-08-10 |publisher=BBC News ] The statue dates to the early part of Hadrian's reign, and depicts the emperor in military garb. It was carved in sections that were fitted together with marble tenons on the site, which was a "thermae ", a public bath. A major earthquake sometime between the late sixth and early seventh centuries CE brought the vaulting crashing down; the statue of Hadrian was felled, coming apart along the joins of its facture. The discovery of carved marble toes drilled with dowel holes to fasten them to the hem of a long mantle suggests the possibility of finding a companion sculpture of Sabina, the emperor's consort. On August 14, 2008, the head statue ofFaustina the Elder , wife of Roman emperorAntoninus Pius (Hadrian's successor and adopted son) was discovered in the same site. [cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7560833.stm |title= Head of Roman empress unearthed |date=2008-08-14 |accessdate=2008-08-15 |publisher=BBC News ] On August 22, 2008, another colossal statue was found, this time fromMarcus Aurelius . [cite web |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9722818.asp?scr=1 |title= Sculpture of Emperor Aurelius unearthed in Turkey
date=2008-08-22 |accessdate=2008-08-22 |publisher=HotNews Turkey ]Notes
External links
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7580745.stm Huge statue of Roman ruler found]
* [http://www.sagalassos.be/index.htm Sagalassos Home Page in Dutch and English]
* [http://www.archaeology.org/interactive/sagalassos/ Sagalassos Interactive Dig]
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