Kourou

French commune|nomcommune=Kourou
Aerial view of Kourou
map_size=220px
adjustable_

mapcaption=Location of the commune (in red) within French Guiana
région=Guyane
département=Guyane
arrondissement=Cayenne
canton=
insee=97304
cp=97310
maire= Jean-Etienne Antoinette
mandat= 2001-2008
intercomm="none as of 2007"
lat_long=coord|05|09|25|N|52|38|33|W|type:city
alt moy= 2
alt mini=
alt maxi=
km²= 2,160
sans=19,107
date-sans=1999 census
dens=8.8
date-dens=1999|

Kourou is a town and commune in French Guiana, an overseas "région" and "département" of France located in South America.

Kourou is the location of the Guiana Space Centre, France and ESA's main spaceport.

Geography

Some 60 km northwest of the capital Cayenne at the mouth of the Kourou river on the Atlantic coast, it is ringed by four hills: Carapa, Pariacabo, Café and Lombard, with the Singes and Condamine mountains not far behind. There are three lakes within the city limits: Lake Bois Diable (where one can take lessons in jetski and other aquatic sports), Lake Marie-Claire (the smallest and calmest), and Lake Bois Chaudat (the biggest of the three; also open to sport lovers, especially canoers and kayakers). Long white sand beaches and some rocky outcrops line its ocean coast, the riverbank and all points inland consisting mostly of mangrove and dense tropical rainforest.

It had a fast-growing population of 19,107 inhabitants at the 1999 census. Its inhabitants can be classified into three ethnic groups of roughly equal size:
*Indigenous peoples (mostly Kalina - also called Galibi), Creoles, Maroons (Boni and Saramaka),
*Whites (mostly French, from Metropolitan France), and
*Foreigners (Brazilians, Surinamese, Hmong, Haitians, Guyanese, etc.)

The Saramaka mostly settled in the "quartier Saramaka", along the river. Much of it burned down in a fire in 2006, and hasn't yet fully recovered.

Guiana in general has a high level of crime compared to the rest of France's "départements"; Kourou has an average of two armed robberies a day. A march protesting the high level of insecurity felt by most of the population was held in Kourou on 27 October 2006. [{fr} http://www.blada.com/jodlas/1561-Kourou_:_une_ville_sans_oreilles.htm Article on Blada.com about the march (with photos).] Shopkeepers of Chinese descent in particular are often targeted by armed robbers, their cash registers emptied and some products stolen.

Kourou is the port of departure for those going to the îles du Salut, of which the most famous is Devil's Island. It is also common for many to go up the river in canoes on weekends to camp in the forest.

The Guiana Space Centre, where the European Space Agency starts missions, is located a little behind and outside the town. Part of the town and the islands are closed during rocket launches.

History

Before the Europeans

Not much is known of the pre-colonial era. The area was mostly populated by Kalina, or Galibi before the arrival of the French in the late 17th century.

There is a place not far from the town called "les Roches Gravées" ("The Carved Rocks"), where indigenous art can be seen on the rock walls.

Early Colonization

Vicente Yanez Pinzon sailed along most of the north coast of South America and passed by the current location of Kourou in 1500.

The Jesuits Lombard and Creuilly baptised a few Galibis at the church of Saint Nicholas in Cayenne in December 1710 and returned with them soon after to farm the land at Guatémala, across the river from Kourou. The Society of Jesus was disbanded (in Guiana) in 1762, however, and Kourou was nothing more than a small village until the arrival of the Expedition.

In 1744, La Condamine, in charge of the expedition sent to Peru in 1735 to determine the length of a degree of the meridian in the neighbourhood of the equator, passed by and gave his name to one of the mountains behind Kourou.

The Expedition

The mission at Kourou being abandoned by the Jesuits, the engineers Mentelle and Tugny designed the layout of the future town. This resulted in the neighborhood called the "Bourg", around the Church of Saint Catherine and next to the port on the river.

That same year, 1763, as agreed in the Treaty of Paris, Great Britain took control of New France. Having lost their largest and richest colony, the French decided to send a large expedition to Guiana, commanded by Choiseul. Around 10,000 to 12,000 people, mostly Frenchmen, tempted by stories of an El Dorado on the other side of the ocean, settled in Kourou.

The small town, surrounded by marshes and rainforest, was unprepared for such a massive influx of people, and around 6,000 of the pioneers died within the year due to fevers and other illnesses. Those remaining fled to the îles du Salut, free of mosquitoes due to constant winds, to recover before being repatriated to Metropolitan France. Hence the name, "Salvation Islands." Previously they had been known as the "îles du Diable" ("Devil's Islands"), and one of the islands retains the name to this day.

The failure of the Expedition only served to discourage settling in Guiana. The colony earned the nickname "Enfer Vert" ("Green Hell"), which it is still trying to shake. No other project of mass colonisation was undertaken, and the population of Whites was always drastically lower than that of the slaves. The population of the colony, of all races, did not rise above 20,000 until the gold rush (starting in 1855), the second abolition of slavery in 1848 and the founding of the prisons.

The Prisons

Kourou contained one of the many prisons in Guiana. It was dedicated mostly to agriculture.

Off the coast, the Îles du Salut also became prisons starting in 1852, holding mostly political prisoners and some of the toughest criminals. The first prisoners arrived in 1862.

The prisons were shut down by law in 1938, stopping the transport of prisoners, but it wasn't truly closed until 1946, and the last repatriations were only done in 1953.

Most of the prison buildings were demolished to make room for the "Hôtel des Roches", but some vestiges of that period remain. The Dreyfus Tower, where the river meets the ocean, was used to communicate with the islands via Morse code. The ruins of the prison bakery are now on private property - but can be seen from a cul-de-sac -, and a fountain remains near the moucaya palm trees.

The CSG and the French Foreign Legion Arrive

In 1965 the "Centre Spatial Guyanais" (Guiana Space Centre) was founded a little behind the town, and the urbanisation of Kourou began in earnest. The population of the town grew rapidly, and has not showed any signs of slowing since.

The 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment of the French Foreign Legion, whose mission is to protect the CSG, has had a base in the "Forget" neighborhood since 1973. They clashed with the Creoles in 1985 and 2006. [ [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3226,36-802195@51-802267,0.html Le Monde, 10.08.06 (in French)] ]

Economy

Kourou's economy is largely dominated by the CSG, from which the European Ariane rockets are launched, as will the Russian Soyuz and the Italian Vega in a few years.

Tourism

* The "Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG)" gets many visitors all year round.
* The "Musée de l'Espace" is a museum devoted to space and space exploration.
* "The Îles du Salut": Of the three islands, only two, Île Royale and Île Saint-Joseph, can be visited. The third is Devil's Island.
* "Les Roches gravées": Indigenous rock art, not far from the small industrial zone called Pariacabo.
* There are several marked public footpaths in the jungle, of which the most well-known and used is the one on the "Montagne des Singes".
* Kourou River: Many people go up the river on canoes or small boats to camp along the shore in open dwellings, or simply in hammocks.
* The ocean may not be clear (it is brown due to the Amazonian silt), but both it and the beaches are clean.

External links

* [http://www.kourou.info "Town Hall"]
* [http://www.cnes.fr/html/_1016_1024_1031_.php "Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG)"]
* [http://www.cnes.fr/html/_1016_1027_.php "Musée de l'Espace"]
* [http://www.blada.com/ "Blada"] , all-purpose message board and newspaper for Guiana in general and Kourou in particular (in French).

Footnotes