City Harvest Church

City Harvest Church
City Harvest Church
Country Singapore
Denomination Independent
Website chc.org.sg
Clergy
Senior pastor(s) Kong Hee

City Harvest Church (Chinese: 城市丰收教会) or CHC is a non-denominational megachurch in Singapore with an average of 23,256 attendees in the month of December 2010.[1]

Founded in 1989 by Kong Hee,[2] the church officially bases its values on Charismatic and Pentecostal teachings, with emphases on such "doctrines" as "the Great Commandment", "the Great Commission" and "the Cultural Mandate".[3] However, CHC has faced controversy in the public and the press over its perceived extravagance. CHC was part of an academic case study Religious Commodifications in Asia conducted by a Purdue University and National University of Singapore sociology researcher Joy Tong, where it was considered as an example of "McDonaldization of religion".[4]

City Harvest Church is a member of several interchurch organisations, including the National Council of Churches of Singapore, Evangelical Fellowship of Singapore, and Festival of Praise Fellowship. Services are held at its church building in Jurong West and the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre. CHC has affiliate churches in the region, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan and Australia.[5]

Contents

History

The church was founded by Kong Hee[2] and his wife Sun Ho[6] on 7 May 1989, and held its first service at Peace Centre. It first functioned as “Ekklesia Ministry,” a youth department under the legal covering of Bethany Christian Centre, an Assemblies of God church. On 21 December 1992, City Harvest Church was set up as a society. It was registered under the Charities Act on 16 October 1993.[1]

In its early days, CHC had to move through different venues to accommodate its growing congregation. Past venues include the Bible House, Katong Park Hotel, World Trade Centre, DBS, Auditorium, PUB Auditorium, NTUC Auditorium, Ministry of Environment Building, National Productivity Board Auditorium, Hotel Grand Central, Orchard Hotel, and the Westin Hotel. In six years, CHC grew from 20 to 1,319 in its average monthly attendance.[1]

On 4 June 1995, CHC leased the former Hollywood Theatre at Tanjong Katong Road and held its services there for another six years. By 2001, the church had grown to 10,310 and was conducting up to 15 services every weekend.[1]

On 15 December 2001, the church moved to its permanent 2,300-seater venue at Jurong West Street 91. On 11 December 2005, CHC rented another worship site at Singapore Expo for its weekend English congregations.[1]

From 2002, Kong began to teach on the Cultural Mandate and encourage the church members to excel in the marketplace. On 1 November 2005, Kong withdrew himself from the staff payroll and he now serves the church as an honorary founder/senior pastor.[7]

Branding and demographics

The church has been described by the Charisma magazine as "one of the largest congregations in Asia."[8] It had an average of 23,256 attendees in 2010.[9][10][11] 47.3% of members in City Harvest Church are below the age of 25 years and the average age of the congregation is 24.[12] The majority of the church "are young professionals aged 25 to 35" and the church endeavours to build an "ultra-modern, energetic and upwardly-mobile image".[13]

The church holds different weekly services in English, Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, and Indonesian. It also has weekly services for children as well as for handicapped people.

Staff and committees

The church has 24 pastors and assistant pastors,[14] with eight of them ordained as reverends. The 165 full-time staff work from two locations: the Jurong West premises and the corporate office at Suntec City.[15] Committees report to the main CHC Management Board, whose office bearers are elected annually by its 720 executive members.[16]

Architecture and decor

The primary church building is located at Jurong West Street 91, and was completed in 2002. Its construction was part of a trend of larger churches in Singapore to go for "clean lines, stainless steel, titanium facades" for their architecture in place of "stained glass and steeples" in an effort modernise their religious services. Costing $48 million (SGD) for its entire construction, the building has a $583,000 fountain and an 18300 square foot auditorium. A CHC spokesman said the building is "reflective of the personality of our congregation — ultra-modern, contemporary and ultra-mobile".[13] The building occupies almost 38,000 sq ft (3,500 m2) on a 30-year leasehold land and its main hall seats up to 2,300 attendees and has two 250-seat halls.[17] The toilets are by the church's own admission, "the very meaning of style".[18]

On 15 December 2005, CHC began renting Hall 8 of Singapore Expo as an additional worship venue with a seating configuration that accommodates a maximum of 8,200 attendees.[19]

Since 19 March 2011, CHC has moved to the Suntec International Convention and Exhibition Centre. The initial plan for a 12,000-seat auditorium to be built has been shelved due to a new guideline released in July 2010 by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA). The new plan is to seat 7,500 in compliance with the new rule that restricts the use of commercial buildings for religious purposes.[20]

Ministries

Almost all functions of CHC's 36 internal ministries are run by church members on a volunteer basis. The church believes that “every member is a minister” with unique gifts, talents and abilities.[21]

  • Drama Ministry All scripts and music scores used in drama productions are originally written and composed by members of the church.[22]
  • Marketplace Ministry This is a ministry outreach to working professionals and business people, whose members meet to study God’s Word as well as to strengthen business networks.[23]
  • Nursery Ministry Baby and toddler care is provided while parents attend the worship service.[24]
  • The Millennial Orchestra A 40-member orchestra that performs in various church-wide conferences, including the Asia Conference 2008.
  • Ministry To The Hearing Impaired This ministry reaches out to hearing-impaired church members. Regular recreational and social activities are also organised to help them adapt better to mainstream society.
  • Strikeforce Ministry Strikeforce is part of the church’s creative ministry and its purpose is to “train people to serve God in various expressions of rhythm, movement and drumming.”[25]

Strikeforce performed at Singapore’s National Day Parade in 2006 and 2009. The group also performed at the NDP Appreciation dinners hosted by the Minister of Defence and the Chief of Defence force, as well as the Chingay Parade.[26]

Culture

Technology is extensively used to standardise and regulate the church experience, and to monitor and supervise attendance, offerings, counselling records and conduct other assessments.[4]

Cell Groups

Cell groups (CG) are a major part of the church's ministry. Divided into youth and adult cell groups, meetings are mostly led by trained lay members. As with all cell groups, they are meant to help members forge close relationships in a small setting.

Missions and church planting

CHC has 47 affiliate churches, with a total membership of 25,506.[27] Apart from these affiliates, CHC also works with many other ministries in the missions field. In 2010, CHC sent out 753 members in 227 teams to 58 cities to help Christian agencies overseas.[28]

The missions department organizes conferences and seminars throughout the year, strengthening CHC’s affiliate churches. Many of the church members are also involved in humanitarian causes, such as, disaster relief work and medical aid to countries like China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Honduras, and more recently, Haiti.[29]

Teachings on tithes, worship and discipline

CHC requires its members "to commit themselves to the church's teachings" by attending "equipping class" regularly, where the church has emphasised "the reward of offering" and tithe to compel its higher-income members to give prolifically and "lavishly". The church has "severe teachings" against gossip and slander which according to Tong has been used to prohibit members from talking about negative feelings or reservations held felt against church leaders or church policies;[4] one such prohibition was outlined in an article called "Gossip — Satan's lethal weapon" in the CHC publication Harvest Times.[30] According to Tong, peer pressure and church leaders' supervision of church groups promote an atmosphere of conformity. A "proper" way of worship and "proper" responses to sermons, e.g. echoing a unified "Yeah!" when the speaker says something remarkable, are taught.

According to informants to Tong, disciplinary actions are taken by church leaders to "punish uncooperative attitudes" as an "effective way of regulating its huge membership". One informant was formally censured for "her disagreement" with the church's programme of "miraculous healing", especially when it on a number of occasions hosted controversial healing evangelist Benny Hinn to conduct miracle healing sessions.[31][32] In the public eye, while some Singaporeans criticized the invitations due to Hinn's controversial reputation, the church dismissed the criticism.[33]

Students in The School of Theology (formerly known as City Harvest Bible Training Centre) are also required to "address all pastors by their proper titles whenever they meet ... failure to do so will bring about disciplinary action."[34] sp;

Transformative and conspicuous lifestyle

Tong's study observed that people "are encouraged to spend money on appearance and lifestyle" as part of a "subjective identification" to "distinguish the church's members from others". This distinction "inevitably involves various kinds of consumption". In a service in 2005, a pastor gave an anecdote about his bringing his mother-in-law to Disneyland, giving her a ticket to an Esplanade concert, and pushing her dress style to become more fashionable. He concluded with the question, "Am I not changing her life?", and pushed his "mission" to transform older church members' dress styles to thunderous applause from CHC's young audience. She argues CHC has pushed its members into buying into "a corporate image" that involves acquiring certain goods that are both "functional" and at the same time a symbol for the "conspicuous display of style or taste". By following these transformations church members could see CHC's "promise of a new [church-given] life" fulfilled.[4]

Views on wealth, freedom and success

Success and freedom, according to Tong's study, are the two most outstanding values that are not merely "advocated to back up the church's agenda" but are "presented as virtues in themselves", often using quotations from Bible verses in the process. According to church doctrine, "God's abundant love" has both material and spiritual payoffs. "Conspicuous success", i.e. being prosperous, is presented as a desirable goal of the congregation. One informant who responded to Tong gave his explanation of church doctrine as follows:

God wants us all to be successful in all aspects of our lives ... I don't see [why] Christians should live a poor, pitiful, and suffered life ... it is not victory that is questionable, but failure ... success is good testimony. Of course people want to join successful people. Is it sensible to join a group of losers?[4]

Hard work is exhorted as important for the church members' success, but "equally important" is to give generous offerings, in order to receive "divine blessing"; by giving to God as much as possible in their tithe, members can "reap the fruits of their investment as higher returns". According to the Straits Times, these messages are part of a belief in a "prosperity gospel" endemic not only to CHC but other megachurches like New Creation Church (NCC) and Faith Community Baptist Church (FCBC).[35]. Tong cites that plenty of messages have been based on the concept of a prosperity gospel, reinforcing the idea with testimonies of successful businesses, successful relationships and successful academics. By equating worldly gains with the blessings of God, CHC validates the values of its middle class congregation who are "keen [on] accumulating material and cultural assets" as part of their identity.[4]

CHC's teachings are quick to encourage empowerment and a "forward-looking mentality", avoiding the conservative themes of "Sinners in the hands of an angry God" frequently found in other churches. According to Tong, while the church authorities deserve full submission, CHC's teachings promote freedom from legalism and traditionalism; individualism and "differentiated taste" are embraced. The message to be "True to Yourself" is frequently delivered. Kong Hee explained that the church does not give its religious opinions on consumer tastes such music, clothing, housing or cars: "These are not issues of right or wrong, sin or righteousness. They are simply matters of personal preference!"[36] Such a message is "liberating and comforting" for a congregation part of a consumer society. According to Tong, Kong has thus unwittingly given spiritual endorsement for consumer culture and "liberal and trendy Christianity".[4]

Media and productions

Recordings and stage productions

Like most Charismatic churches, CHC uses contemporary music and settings for praise and worship, including a choir and a wide range of musical instruments.[37] It also has a strong drama team for its stage productions.[38]

Broadcasting

The church has a 30-minute television broadcast program Harvest Time, which is televised on 8 Cable Television Networks and satellites. Harvest Time has a potential viewership of about 837.9 million, and is available in its original English-language or Mandarin, Korean and Japanese translations, depending on the broadcast station. In 2010, the church’s webcast of its worship services reached approximately 366,143 viewers from 104 countries, or 6,929 viewers per weekend.[39][40]

Publications

The church previously published a magazine known as Harvest Times (founded in 1999), with a readership of 60,000. In 2006, a Chinese version of Harvest Times - Chinese Harvest Times was started and had a readership of 45,000.[5] On 1 April 2009, Harvest Times magazine ceased its print edition.

In addition, City News, which is a Christian news portal managed by the church, was established in 2008 to publish its Christian newspaper.[41]

Affiliate organizations

School of Theology

The School of Theology (formerly known as City Harvest Bible Training Center) was started on 18 January 1994 with the purpose of training up pastors, missionaries and church workers for the establishing of local churches in Asia.[42] It conducts a six-month, full-time program offering an Advanced Certificate of Theology. In the past 16 years Since 2009, 4,323 graduates from 32 countries have graduated from its courses.[43]

City Harvest Community Services Association

Main article: City Harvest Community Services Association

Conferences

Emerge Conference

Emerge is a youth conference organized for youths and young adults from 13 to 25 years old.

A total of 8,830 youth leaders and delegates from 16 nations attended the last Emerge Conference from 31 May to 3 June 2007. The opening night meeting was broadcast “live” on GODTV to 122 million homes in more than 200 nations and territories.[44]

CHC also co-hosts Emerge conferences overseas with its affiliate churches in Malaysia and Taiwan.[45]

Asia Conference

Asia Conference is a biennial conference bringing together pastors, Bible teachers, worship leaders, and Christian artists to educate, equip and empower Christians. Asia Conference event provides the plenary sessions and elective workshops for the delegates.[46][47]

Controversies

S$310 million Suntec investment

On 6 March 2010, City Harvest Church announced that it has purchased a significant stake in Suntec Convention Centre and will be using its facilities for church services, the project will cost an estimated S$310 million, including shares acquisition, renovation and rental costs.[48][49][50] Church founder Kong Hee said in a statement that the move "allows [the church] to move from a present expensive rental model to a more financially sustainable ownership model for the long term".[51] However, some brought up the point that as a registered charity, CHC's income - expected to include profits and dividends from space rental and tenant leases in Suntec Singapore in the future - is non-taxable. The church has clarified that the investment is indirect, through a wholly owned subsidiary for the purpose of taxation and separate accounting. Questions surfaced among the public whether religious organisations, which are registered as charities, should be allowed to go into business using what are essentially donor funds.[48]

The Commissioner of Charities (COC) sought clarifications on the transaction.[49] The church stated it was under a non-disclosure agreement which required the details of the transaction to remain confidential, but explained that the investment was made through a holding company that is not a charity organization and does not enjoy tax breaks; and had disclosed details of the deal to the COC as well as the Urban Redevelopment Authority upon request.[52] The church also said that there was a "strong and unfounded allegation" floating online that the Management Board and Kong were "deliberately concealing a number of embarrassing facts from its members" with regard to the Suntec investment, saying that the allegation was "furthest from the truth",[50] and later released a notice stating that Charities and foundations often use donor funds to invest and generate sustainable income for their intended causes.[53]

Fund probe

On 31 May 2010, the Office of the Commissioner of Charities and the Commercial Affairs Department of the Singapore Police announced that 17 individuals linked to the City Harvest Church, including church founder Pastor Kong Hee and his deputy, Pastor Tan Ye Peng, were under investigation after complaints alleging the misuse of church funds. The joint press statement stressed that the investigations are neither linked nor initiated from its acquisition of a stake in the Suntec Convention Centre[54][55][56] The police also visited the offices and homes of these individuals and brought back computers and financial records for investigations. The police were looking into some financial transactions among these individuals and related companies,[57][58] involving the possible falsification of accounts and criminal breach of trust amounting to millions of dollars which dated back a number of years. The authorities said that regular church activities and services for the congregation need not be disrupted during ongoing investigations, which is expected to take several months.[59]

The investigation followed requests by church members for the COC to review the church's constitution, which denied ordinary members the chance to attend general meetings, or be privy to its annual reports and financial statements. Some members felt that the church board had utilised the church's building fund and committed it to "future liabilities" without consulting members at its latest AGM.[60]

On 2 April 2011, The Straits Times article reported that CHC actively planned to improve its image and reputation in the congregation and public through corporate crisis management and working with cell group leaders and pastors. The church encouraged the cell leaders and pastors to talk with members and public openly, clarifying about inquires about the fund probe.[61]

As of 31 October 2011 (2011 -10-31), 18 months since, the investigations are said to be ongoing.[citation needed]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b "Followers rally around City Harvest leaders". Asia One. 2 June 2010. http://news.asiaone.com/News/the%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20100602-219622.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21. 
  3. ^ "Statement of Faith". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_missionStt.php. Retrieved 29 May 2007. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Tong, Joy (2008). Religious commodifications in Asia: marketing gods. Psychology Press. pp. 186. ISBN 9780415437387. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=60_SrXl6zS4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA186. 
  5. ^ a b "City Harvest Church’s Factsheet". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/_eng/founder/publications_factsheet.php. Retrieved 02 October 2011. 
  6. ^ Lam Leng Hung, John; Chew, Eng An (5 November 2003). "A Pastor in a Broad Sense". Streats 
  7. ^ "CHC Story". Kong Hee. http://www.konghee.com/www/chc-history. Retrieved 22 May 2010. [dead link]
  8. ^ "Why Isn't the American church growing?". Charisma Magazine. http://www.charismamag.com/display.php?id=10291. Retrieved 29 May 2007. 
  9. ^ Lee Siew Hua (2011-04-02). "No sharp drop in membership". The Straits Times. p. D14. 
  10. ^ "THE CITY HARVEST STORY". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/_eng/church/church.php. Retrieved 8 April 2011. 
  11. ^ "CHC Factsheet". Kong Hee. http://www.konghee.com/www/chc-factsheet/. Retrieved 7 March 2010. 
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  13. ^ a b Quek, Tracy (8 February 2004). "The house of God gets a new look". The Straits Times. 
  14. ^ "Suntec City, Here We Come News". City News. http://www.citynews.sg/2011/02/suntec-city-here-we-come/. Retrieved 26 February 2011. 
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  16. ^ "City Harvest Church's Organisation Structure". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_orgChart.php. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 
  17. ^ "Other places of worship slash out too". Electric New Paper. 2005-08-29. http://newpaper.asia1.com.sg/news/story/0,4136,93714,00.html.  By Skye Tan
  18. ^ Harvest Times, Volume 18, July-December 2002.
  19. ^ "New Building". Kong Hee. http://www.konghee.com/www/2010/02/chc-new-building. Retrieved 4 May 2010. 
  20. ^ "City Harvest Scales Down at Suntec". The Straits Times. http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_636701.html. Retrieved 19 February 2011. 
  21. ^ "City Harvest Church - Our Ministry". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/ministry/ministry.php. Retrieved 5 December 2008. 
  22. ^ "Drama Ministry". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/members/cm_Drama.php. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
  23. ^ "Marketplace Ministry". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/members/cm_Marketplace.php. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
  24. ^ "Nursery Ministry". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/members/cm_Nursery.php. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
  25. ^ "City Harvest Church – Strikeforce". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/ministry/cm_Strikeforce.php. Retrieved 5 December 2008. [dead link]
  26. ^ "The Strikeforce Live @ NDP 09". City Harvest Church. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGk4qVaeJSA. Retrieved 10 March 2010. 
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  28. ^ "CHC Missions & Church Planting". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_stats_missions.php. Retrieved 17 April 2011. 
  29. ^ Judith Tan (2010-01-23). "Make Time For The Less Fortunate". The Straits Times. p. B8. 
  30. ^ Harvest Times, vol. 18, March-June 2002.
  31. ^ "Harvest Times - Issue 25". City Harvest Church. April 2005. http://www.chc.org.sg/harvesttimes/ht_25/ht_25_03.asp. Retrieved 2011-02-21. 
  32. ^ "EVENTS CALENDAR". City Harvest Church. January 2007. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_eventsCal.php?YRID=2007. Retrieved 2011-02-21. 
  33. ^ Hanqing, Liew, "Visit by hotshot US reverend draws flak on the Net", The New Paper, 10 October 2008
  34. ^ "Student Conduct - Rules and Regulations - CHC BTC Student Handbook 6.5.5". School of Theology. http://sot.chc.org.sg/rules_and_regulations.asp. Retrieved 2011-10-03. 
  35. ^ "Rise of new churches". Straits Times. 21 July 2002. http://www.fcbc.org.sg/fcbc_mediacenter_009.asp. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 
  36. ^ Harvest Times, vol. 14, August-September 2001.
  37. ^ "Facts & Figures". Asia Conference 2008: pp. Pg:3–7. 2008 
  38. ^ Taken from http://www.cross.com.sg
  39. ^ "Our Media". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/_eng/church/church_stats_missions_2011.php. Retrieved 9 June 2011. 
  40. ^ "Harvest Times Broadcast". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/media/media_satellite.php. Retrieved 26 February 2011. 
  41. ^ "City Harvest Church Milestone". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/_eng/church/church_milestones.php. Retrieved 2011-10-05. 
  42. ^ "City Harvest Bible Training Center". City Harvest Bible Training Center. http://sot.chc.org.sg/message.asp. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 
  43. ^ "CHC Missions & Church Planting". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_stats_missions.php. Retrieved 19 May 2010. 
  44. ^ "Distribution". God TV. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927194412/http://eu.god.tv/Group/Group.aspx?id=1000012649. Retrieved 5 June 2007. 
  45. ^ "CHC Milestones". City Harvest Church. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/church_milestones.php. Retrieved 17 March 2010. 
  46. ^ "Asia Conference 2008 - Main Information". Asia Conference. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20081019011305/http://www.asiaconference.org.sg/index.php. Retrieved 8 October 2011. 
  47. ^ "Asia Conference 2008 - Electives". Asia Conference. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20081024113648/http://www.asiaconference.org.sg/electives.php. Retrieved 8 October 2011. 
  48. ^ a b http://news.asiaone.com/News/the%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20100320-205694.html Charity commissioner questions City Harvest. 20 March 2010
  49. ^ a b "City Harvest's expansion plan". Today Online. 2010-03-22. http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC100322-0000021/Spirits-remain-high-at-City-Harvest-Church. 
  50. ^ a b http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1047863/1/.html City Harvest Church responds to questions over non-disclosure of Suntec deal. 4 April 2010.
  51. ^ Esther Teo (2010-03-07). "City Harvest paying $310m to become Suntec co-owner". The Sunday Times. p. 1,3. 
  52. ^ "Details could not be disclosed, says church". Today Online. 2010-04-05. http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC100405-0000063/Details-could-not-be-disclosed,-says-church. 
  53. ^ "Notice to members of chc". City Harvest Church. 2010-05-22. http://www.chc.org.sg/eng/church/Notice-to-members.pdf. 
  54. ^ "City Harvest Church founder Kong Hee & 16 others under funds probe". Xin MSN News. 31 May 2010. http://news.xin.msn.com/en/singapore/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4121597. Retrieved 2011-02-21. 
  55. ^ "City Harvest deputy also assisting in probe". Asia One. 7 June 2010. http://news.asiaone.com/News/the%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20100607-220579.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21. 
  56. ^ "Over 18 people from City Harvest Church called up in probe so far". Channel NewsAsia. 16 June 2010. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1063720/1/.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21. 
  57. ^ "Individuals, firms linked to City Harvest Church under probe". Channel NewsAsia. 31 May 2010. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1060093/1/.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21. 
  58. ^ "Church members probed". Asia One. 31 May 2010. http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20100531-219380.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21. 
  59. ^ "City Harvest Probe". Today. http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC100601-0000111/City-Harvest-probe. Retrieved 2011-02-21. [dead link]
  60. ^ "Ordinary members have no right to attend general meetings". TODAYonline. http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC100609-0000124/Ordinary-members-have-no-right-to-attend-general-meetings. Retrieved 2011-02-21. 
  61. ^ LEE, SIM HUA (2 April 20011). "CITY HARVEST: BUSINESS AS USUAL". The Straits Times: p. D12. http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/ips/docs/media/yr2011/ST_City%20Harvest%20Business%20as%20usual_020411.pdf. 

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Coordinates: 1°20′35″N 103°41′31″E / 1.343041°N 103.691915°E / 1.343041; 103.691915


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