Chuan Leekpai

Chuan Leekpai 川立派 ชวน หลีกภัย MPCh MWM TCW
Prime Minister of Thailand
In office November 9, 1997 – February 9, 2001
Monarch	Rama IX
Preceded by	Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
Succeeded by	Thaksin Shinawatra
In office September 20, 1992 – May 19, 1995
Monarch	Rama IX
Preceded by	Anand Panyarachun (
Succeeded by	Banharn Silpa-Archa
Leader of the Opposition in House of Representatives of Thailand
In office August 4, 1995 – September 27, 1996
Monarch	Rama IX
In office December 21, 1996 – November 8, 1997
Monarch	Rama IX
In office March 11, 2001 – May 3, 2003
Monarch	Rama IX
Personal details
Born	July 28, 1938 (1938-07-28) (age 73) Trang, Thailand
Nationality	Thai
Political party	Democrat Party
Profession	Lawyer
Religion	Buddhism
Signature

Chuan Leekpai (Thai: ชวน หลีกภัย; RTGS: Chuan Likphai; born July 28, 1938 in Trang) was the Prime Minister of Thailand from September 20, 1992 to May 19, 1995 and again from November 9, 1997 to February 9, 2001. A third-generation Thai Chinese,^[1][2] Chuan was born in Trang province in a grass-roofed house. The walls of his family's house were woven from strips of betel-nut wood. The floor was the soil. His father's name was Niyom Leekpai and his mother's name was Tuan Leekpai. They were half-Chinese parents like most Trang locals. His father was a teacher and he earned modest wages. Tuan Leekpai sold Thai desserts and worked in a para rubber garden. Chuan Leekpai has 9 siblings and is the third child in the family. Because of his big family, Chuan's childhood was not comfortable. Chuan moved to the temple school called 'Wat Amarintraram' in Bangkok where he lived for 6 years. Then he went to study Law at Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand. After he graduated, he worked as a lawyer and then as a politician. He has one son, Surabot Leekpai, with Pakdiporn Sujaritkul (his common-law wife).

As the leader of the Democrat Party, Chuan was elected in 1992 after the abortive coup by General Suchinda Kraprayoon, thus becoming Thailand's first prime minister to come to power without either aristocratic or military backing. His first administration consisted of a five party coalition of the Democrat, New Aspiration, Palang Dhamma, Social Action and Social Unity Parties until he was defeated in the 1995 election, but assumed power in late 1997 following the fall of the Chavalit Yongchaiyut administration, which was held responsible for the economic crisis that beset Thailand in 1997. Although being criticised as a slow actor and allowing numerous corruption scandals, Chuan managed to meet factional demands.

Raluek Leekpai Scandal

In 1987, when Chuan was Parliament Speaker, his younger brother Raluek Leekpai (ระลึก หลีกภัย) was charged with embezzling 231.8 million THB (approx. 9 million USD in 1987) from Thai Farmers Bank.^[3] Raluek had been an executive at TFB. Responding to accusations in Parliament, Chuan publicly defended the innocence of his brother. Raluek fled the country, and only returned to Thailand in 2004 after the statute of limitations expired on his crime and he couldn't be prosecuted. He had been on the run as a fugitive in Taiwan. Raluek has said he might enter politics in order to restore his reputation, although he said he wanted to live a quiet life in his Trang hometown.^[4]

First Term (1992-1995)

In the aftermath of Bloody May, the Democrat Party won the majority of seats in the September 1992 elections, with 79 seats, compared to the Chart Thai Party with 77 seats. Chuan formed a coalition government with the Phalang Dharma and Ekkaparb parties.

Key policies of Chuan's first administration included:

• Engagement with Burma. As with all previous administrations, the Chuan government employed a policy of constructive engagement with the military government of Burma, provoking much criticism.^[5]
• Reforestation. A huge 5 million rai reforestation programme in honour of King Bhumibol's 50th anniversary of accession to the throne (1996) was initiated in 1994. The reforestation programme was officially declared a failure, with less than 40% of the target realized. The Director General of the RFD was suspended from his post for alleged corruption within the programme.^[6]
• Emphasis on national economic stability, decentralization of the administrative powers to the rural provinces, fostering income, opportunity and economic development distribution to the regions.

The first Chuan administration fell when members of the cabinet were implicated in profiting from Sor Phor Kor 4-01 land project documents distributed in Phuket province. Fierce public and press criticism and dissolution of Parliament were the reasons for his administration's downfall.^[7]

Second Term (1997-2001)

With United States President Bill Clinton in Wellington, New Zealand at the APEC summit, 1999

Chuan became prime minister for the second time on November 9, 1997, replacing Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, with a shaky line-up of a six-party coalition and 12 independent defectors from a seventh party, Prachakorn Thai. The ruling coalition increased its 20-seat majority in October 1998, by including the Chart Pattana party.

Economic Reforms

Chuan's second government enacted several economic reforms for which it was severely criticised. Chuan's "bitter medicine" policies brought little economic relief in the years following the 1997 economic crisis, particularly at the grassroots level. Opinions emerged that the Democrats were only helping big financial institutions and making the country more dependent of foreign investors. Nevertheless, many of the reforms recommended by the IMF were in line with the policies of market economies such as Australia and New Zealand. Interestingly, the subsequent government's economic growth was based even more strongly on selling national assets and private organisations abroad such as the Shin corporation, while most of their economic gains were built on the frugality of the Democrat policy platform. Thai Rak Thai painted the Democrats as having "open contempt" for the plight of the common Thai which set off a revenge vote against the party during the 2001 election, which gave a landslide victory to Thaksin Shinawatra.^[8]

Human Rights

Chuan's second government came under fire for the violent arrest of 223 villagers protesting the Pak Mun dam. Respected historian Nidhi Iawsriwong noted that "the present situation is as worse as that of the May event (the bloody crackdown of anti-government protesters in 1992). We have a tyrannical government that is arrogant and not accountable to the public. This is dangerous because the government still sees itself as legitimate and claims that it is democratic. In fact, it is as brutal as the military government".^[9]

In March 1999, Chuan nominated Thanom Kittikachorn to the post of honorary royal guard to King Bhumibol Adulyadej, provoking widespread criticism. Thanom turned down his appointment^[10] Thanom was one of the "Three Tyrants" who ruled Thailand from 1963 to 1973 and ordered the massacre of pro-democracy students on 14 October 1973, after which he was ordered to step down and be exiled by HM Bhumibol Adulyadej.

In April 2000, the Editor in Chief of the Chiang Mai daily newspaper Pak Nua was shot and seriously wounded in an attempted murder, but recovered. The editor believed that his repeated critical reporting on the government led to the assault.^[11]

Corruption

Although generally regarded as relatively clean and honest when compared to other Thai administrations, Chuan's government found itself plagued with corruption scandals and rumors. Key cases of corruption included:

• Rakkiat Sukhthana, Health Minister, was charged with taking a five million THB (125,000 USD) bribe from a drug firm and forcing state hospitals to buy medicine at exorbitant prices. After being found guilty, he jumped bail and went into hiding.
• Suthep Thaugsuban, Minister of Transport and Communications, whose brokering of illegal land deals caused the fall of the Chuan 1 government, was linked to abuse of funds in setting up a co-operative in his southern province of Surat Thani.^[12]
• The "edible fence" seed scandal, in which massive overpricing of seeds distributed to rural areas happened. The Deputy Minister of Agriculture was forced to resign.^[13]
• The Salween logging scandal, where up to 20,000 logs were felled illegally in the Salween forest in Mae Hong Son. Some of them turned up in the compound of the Democrat party’s office in Phichit province.^[13]
• Sanan Kajornprasart, Interior Minister, as well as 8 other cabinet ministers were found to have understated their declared assets. Sanan was later barred by the Constitution Court from politics for 5 years.^[14]
• Chuan himself was found by the National Counter-Corruption Commission to have undeclared shareholdings in a rural cooperative.^[14]

Chuan stepped down as the head of the Democrat Party in 2003.

Criticisms

• Chuan also got the nickname 'Chang Tha Si' (painter in Thai). When party members were accused of corruption, he was always known to protect them by telling the press they were clean although the court had not delivered its decision yet.

Royal decorations

Chuan has received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand:

• 1979 - Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
• 1980 - Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
• 1981 - Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
• 1982 - Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
• 1996 - Grand Companion (Third Class, higher grade) of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao
• 1998 - Knight Grand Commander (Second Class, higher grade) of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao

Foreign decorations

• 1993 - Grand Collar (Raja) of the Order of Sikatuna (Philippines)
• 1999 - Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun (Peru)
• 1999 - Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
• 2000 - Grand Cross of the General Order of Jose Dolores Estrada, Batalla de San Jacinto (Nicaragua)
• 2000 - Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania (Romania)

Quotes

• "I haven't received any reports yet."– (in Thai "ผมยังไม่ได้รับรายงาน") Chuan Leekpai's classic phrase when he faced many Thai reporters about some important issues or urgent issues.

• "The committee is still evaluating it."– (in Thai "ทางคณะกำลังพิจารณาอยู่ครับ") One of his most famous quotes.

References

1. ^ Chris Baker, Pasuk Phongpaichit. A History of Thailand. Cambridge University Press. back matter. ISBN 0521816157. http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0521816157/ref=sib_dp_srch_bod/104-7867281-3169568?v=search-inside&keywords=leekpai. 
2. ^ (Chinese) 泰国华裔地位高 出过好几任总理真正的一等公民
3. ^ [28 September 1987, Manager Weekly]
4. ^ http://www.nationmultimedia.com/option/print.php?newsid=30071161
5. ^ The Asean Way to Human Rights and Democracy
6. ^ Thailand's Community Forest Bill: U-Turn or Roundabout in Forest Policy?
7. ^ Media and democratic transitions in Southeast Asia by Duncan McCargo
8. ^ Shawn W. Crispin, Rodney Tasker (2001-01-18). "Thailand Incorporated". The Far Eastern Economic Review. http://groups.google.com/group/jaring.general/browse_thread/thread/da68523544d8b4d7/4a9be7f4e22b30d9. 
9. ^ focusweb.org
10. ^ "Forgiven? But not forgotten". Asiaweek. http://www.pathfinder.com/asiaweek/99/0402/feat9.html. 
11. ^ terrorismcentral.com
12. ^ atimes.com
13. ^ ^{a b} Corruption: Is there any hope at all? by Pasuk Phongpaichit
14. ^ ^{a b} Encyclopedia Britannica

Preceded by Anand Panyarachun	Prime Minister of Thailand 1992–1995	Succeeded by Banharn Silpa-Archa
Preceded by Chavalit Yongchaiyudh	Prime Minister of Thailand 1997–2001	Succeeded by Thaksin Shinawatra

Persondata
Name	Leekpai
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	July 28, 1938
Place of birth	Trang, Thailand
Date of death
Place of death