Menasseh Ben Israel

Menasseh Ben Israel
Engraved portrait by Salomo d'Italia, 1642
Born	1604 Madeira Island, Portugal
Died	1657 Middleburg, Netherlands
Resting place	Ouderkerk a/d Amstel
Occupation	Rabbi
Religion	Orthodox Judaism
Signature

Manoel Dias Soeiro (1604 – November 20, 1657), better known by his Hebrew name Menasseh Ben Israel (also, Menasheh ben Yossef ben Yisrael, also known with the Hebrew acronym, MB"Y), was a Portuguese rabbi, kabbalist, scholar, writer, diplomat, printer and publisher, founder of the first Hebrew printing press (named Emeth Meerets Titsma`h) in Amsterdam in 1626.

Life

Menasseh was born on Madeira Island in 1604, with the name Manoel Dias Soeiro, a year after his parents had left mainland Portugal because of the Inquisition. The family moved to the Netherlands in 1610. The Netherlands was in the middle of a process of religious revolt throughout the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). The family's arrival in 1610 was during the truce mediated by France and England at The Hague.

Menasseh rose to eminence not only as a rabbi and an author, but also as a printer. He established the first Hebrew press in Holland. One of his earliest works, El Conciliador, won immediate reputation; it was an attempt at reconciliation between apparent discrepancies in various parts of the Old Testament. Among his correspondents were Gerhard Johann Vossius, Hugo Grotius, and Pierre Daniel Huet. In 1638, he decided to settle in Brazil, as he still found it difficult to provide for his wife and family in Amsterdam. Even though he may have visited the Dutch colony's capital of Recife, he in the end appears to not have moved there. One of the reasons his financial situation improved in Amsterdam was the arrival there in the meantime of the Portuguese Jewish entrepreneurs, the brothers Abraham and Isaac Pereyra. Rabbi Manasseh was then employed by them to direct a small college or academy (in fact a Yeshibah in Spanish Portuguese parlance of the time) they had founded in the city.."^[1]

Disputed portrait of Menasseh Ben Israel by Rembrandt

In 1644, Menasseh met Antonio de Montesinos, who convinced him that the South America Andes' Indians were the descendants of the lost ten tribes of Israel. This supposed discovery gave a new impulse to Menasseh's Messianic hopes. But he was convinced that the Messianic age needed as its certain precursor the settlement of Jews in all parts of the known world. Filled with this idea, he turned his attention to England, whence the Jews had been expelled since 1290. He found much Christian support in England. During the Commonwealth the question of the readmission of the Jews was often mooted under the growing desire for religious liberty. Besides this, Messianic and other mystic hopes were current in England. In 1650, there appeared an English version of the Hope of Israel, a tract which deeply impressed public opinion. Oliver Cromwell had been moved to sympathy with the Jewish cause partly by his tolerant leanings, but chiefly because he foresaw the importance for English commerce of the presence of the Jewish merchant princes, some of whom had already found their way to London. At this juncture, Jews received full rights in the colony of Surinam, which had been English since 1650.

Menasseh's grave in Ouderkerk aan de Amstel

In 1655, Menasseh arrived in London. During his absence, the Amsterdam rabbis excommunicated his student, Baruch Spinoza. One of his first acts on reaching London was the issue of his Humble Addresses to the Lord Protector, but its effect was weakened by the issue of William Prynne's able, but unfair Short Demurrer. Cromwell summoned the Whitehall Conference in December of the same year. Some of the most notable statesmen, lawyers, and theologians of the day were summoned to this conference. The chief practical result was the declaration of judges Glynne and Steele that "there was no law which forbade the Jews' return to England." Though nothing was done to regularize the position of the Jews, the door was opened to their gradual return. John Evelyn was able to enter in his Diary under the date Dec. 14, 1655, "Now were the Jews admitted." But the attack on the Jews by Prynne and others could not go unanswered. Menasseh replied in his major work, Vindiciae judaeorum (1656).

Soon after Menasseh left London Cromwell granted him a pension, but he died before he could enjoy it, at Middelburg in the Netherlands in the winter of 1657 (14 Kislev 5418), as he was conveying the body of his son Samuel home for burial. His tomb is in the Beth Haim of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel.

Writings

De Resurrectione Mortuorum by Menassah Ben Israel

Menasseh ben Israel was the author of many works. His major work Nishmat Hayim is a treatise in Hebrew on the Jewish concept of reincarnation of souls, published by his son Samuel six years before they both died. Some are of the opinion that he studied kabbalah with Abraham Cohen de Herrera, a disciple of Israel Saruk. This would explain his amazing familiarity with the method of Isaac Luria.

His other works include:

• De termino vitae written in Latin 1639, translated into English by Thomas Pocock (London, 1709)
• Conciliator translated by Elias Haim Lindo^[2]
• De Creatione Problemata, in Spanish, Amsterdam 1635.
• De Resurrectione Mortuorum, Book III 1636 - written originally in Spanish but later translated into Latin, 1636^[3]
• De la Fragilidad Humana (On Human Frailty) (1642)
• Nishmat Hayyim Hebrew
• a ritual compendium Thesouros dos dinim.
• Piedra gloriosa - with four engraved etchings by his friend Rembrandt, who also painted his portrait. These are preserved in the British Museum.

Other works can be found in the Biblioteca Nacional – Rio De Janeiro/Brazil per example:

• Orden de las oraciones del mes, con lo mes necessario y obligatorio de las tres fiestas del año. Como tambien lo que toca a los ayunos, Hanucah, y Purim: con sus advertencias y notas para mas facilidad, y clareza. Industria y despeza de Menasseh ben Israel

Descendants

Menasseh's wife, Rachel, was a granddaughter of the Abarbanel. Menasseh had three children by her. Menasseh's wife was, according to family legend, a descendant of King David, and he was proud of his children's Davidic ancestry.^[4] Both of Menasseh's sons predeceased their father. Menasseh's eldest son was Samuel Abarbanel Soeiro, also known as Samuel Ben Israel, who worked as a printer and assisted his father with matters in England. He died in 1657. Menasseh's youngest son, Joseph, died at age 20, in 1650, on a disastrous business trip to Poland. Menasseh also had a daughter, Gracia, born 1628, who married Samuel Abarbanel Barboza in 1646, and died in 1690.

Moses Jacob Ezekiel, the American sculptor, in his autobiography, claimed to be a descendant of Menasseh Ben Israel. His claim is unconfirmed.

See also

• History of the Jews in England
• History of the Jews in England--Jews came to England with the Normans
• History of the Jews in England--The Expulsion
• History of the Jews in England--Maranos in England
• History of the Jews in England--Menasseh Ben Israel's Mission
• History of the Jews in England--The Jew Bill of 1753
• History of the Jews in England--Other Influences on the Jewish Standing in the Community
• History of the Jews in England--The Struggle for Emancipation
• History of the Jews in the Netherlands
• Early English Jewish literature
• History of the Jews in Scotland

Notes

1. ^ For the economic ties binding Manasseh Ben Israel's intellectual activities to the mercantile activities of the brothers Pereyra throughout the entire period see for example Roth, op. cit., pp. 62–63, and pp. 316–317; Méchoulan and Nahon, op. cit., p.40, p. 70.
2. ^ Kitto - The first volume was translated into Latin by Vossius, Amst. 1633, and the whole has been translated in English by Lindo, London 1842.
3. ^ Meyer Waxman 1930 History of Jewish Literature: Volume 2 - Page 697 2003 reprint "Resurrectione Mortuorum (Concerning the Resurrection of the Dead) , written originally in Spanish but later translated into Latin (1636)
4. ^ Albert Montefiore Hyamson, A History of the Jews in England (1908), p. 182

References

• Méchoulan, Henry; Nahon, Gérard, eds (1987). Menasseh Ben Israel. The Hope of Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0197100546. 
• Roth, Cecil (1934). A Life of Manasseh Ben Israel, Rabbi, Printer, and Diplomat. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 
• Katz, David S. (1982). Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603–1655. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198218850. 
• Katz, David S. (1994). The Jews in the History of England, 1485–1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198229127. 

External links

• Jewish Encyclopedia entry on Menasseh Ben Israel
• Digital collection of books and letters related to Menasseh Ben Israel
• Short biography of Menasseh Ben Israel

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Persondata
Name	Menasseh Ben Israel
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1604
Place of birth	Madeira Island, Portugal
Date of death	November 20, 1657
Place of death	Middleburg, Netherlands