Cytokine receptor

Key steps of the JAK-STAT pathway for type 1 and 2 cytokine receptors

Signal transduction. (Cytokine receptor at center left.)

Cytokine receptors are receptors that bind cytokines.^[1]

In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly because a deficiency of cytokine receptors has now been directly linked to certain debilitating immunodeficiency states. In this regard, and also because the redundancy and pleiotropy of cytokines are, in fact, a consequence of their homologous receptors, many authorities are now of the opinion that a classification of cytokine receptors would be more clinically and experimentally useful.

Classification

A classification of cytokine receptors based on their three-dimensional structure has been attempted. (Such a classification, though seemingly cumbersome, provides several unique perspectives for attractive pharmacotherapeutic targets.)

• Type I cytokine receptors, whose members have certain conserved motifs in their extracellular amino-acid domain. The IL-2 receptor belongs to this chain, whose γ-chain (common to several other cytokines) deficiency is directly responsible for the x-linked form of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (X-SCID).
• Type II cytokine receptors, whose members are receptors mainly for interferons.
• Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, which are ubiquitously present throughout several cells and tissues of the vertebrate body
• Tumor necrosis factor receptor family, whose members share a cysteine-rich common extracellular binding domain, and includes several other non-cytokine ligands like CD40, CD27 and CD30, besides the ligands on which the family is named (TNF).
• Chemokine receptors, two of which acting as binding proteins for HIV (CXCR4 and CCR5). They are G protein coupled receptors.
• TGF beta receptors

Comparison

Type	Examples	Structure	Mechanism
type I cytokine receptor	Type 1 interleukin receptors Erythropoietin receptor GM-CSF receptor G-CSF receptor growth hormone receptor prolactin receptor Oncostatin M receptor Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor	Certain conserved motifs in their extracellular amino-acid domain. Connected to Janus kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases	JAK phosphorylate and activate downstream proteins involved in their signal transduction pathways
type II cytokine receptor	Type II interleukin receptors interferon-alpha/beta receptor interferon-gamma receptor
Many members of the immunoglobulin superfamily	Interleukin-1 receptor CSF1 C-kit receptor Interleukin-18 receptor	Share structural homology with immunoglobulins (antibodies), cell adhesion molecules, and even some cytokines.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor family	CD27 CD30 CD40 CD120 Lymphotoxin beta receptor	cysteine-rich common extracellular binding domain
chemokine receptors	Interleukin-8 receptor CCR1 CXCR4 MCAF receptor NAP-2 receptor	Seven transmembrane helix	G protein-coupled
TGF beta receptors	TGF beta receptor 1 TGF beta receptor 2

Solubility

Cytokine receptors may be both membrane-bound and soluble. Soluble cytokine receptors are extremely common regulators of cytokine function.

See also

• STAT protein

References

1. ^ Richard Coico; Geoffrey Sunshine (2009). Immunology: a short course. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 174–. ISBN 9780470081587. http://books.google.com/books?id=Lxcj-PlALiIC&pg=PA174. Retrieved 28 November 2010. 

External links

• MeSH Cytokine+receptors

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This article about a biochemical receptor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · Categories: Cytokine receptors Membrane protein stubs Receptor stubs Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР Fischia il vento Cherax quinquecarinatus Look at other dictionaries: Type I cytokine receptor — Type I cytokine receptors are transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells that recognize and respond to cytokines with four α helical strands. These receptors are also known under the name hemopoietin receptors, and share a common… …   Wikipedia Type II cytokine receptor — Type II cytokine receptors are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells, which bind and respond to a select group of cytokines. These receptors are similar to type I cytokine receptors except they do not possess… …   Wikipedia Cytokine — Cytokines (Greek cyto , cell; and kinos, movement) are small cell signaling protein molecules that are secreted by the glial cells of the nervous system and by numerous cells of the immune system and are a category of signaling molecules used… …   Wikipedia Receptor (biochemistry) — For other uses, see Receptor (disambiguation). In biochemistry, a receptor is a molecule found on the surface of a cell, which receives specific chemical signals from neighbouring cells or the wider environment within an organism. These signals… …   Wikipedia Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase — In enzymology, a receptor protein serine/threonine kinase (EC number|2.7.11.30) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:ATP + [receptor protein] ightleftharpoons ADP + [receptor protein] phosphateThus, the two substrates of this enzyme… …   Wikipedia Cytokine storm — Classification and external resources DiseasesDB 34296 A cytokine storm, or hypercytokinemia is a potentially fatal immune reaction consisting of a positive feedback loop between cytokines and immune cells, with highly elevated levels of various… …   Wikipedia Receptor tyrosine kinase — Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)s are the high affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines and hormones. Of the ninety unique tyrosine kinase genes idenitified in the human genome, 58 encode receptor tyrosine… …   Wikipedia Cytokine release syndrome — Classification and external resources DiseasesDB 34296 Cytokine release syndrome is a common immediate complication occurring with the use of anti T cell antibody infusions such as ATG, OKT3 and TGN1412. Severe case …   Wikipedia cytokine — [sīt′ō kīn΄] n. any of a group of molecules, including interferon, interleukin, and tumor necrosis factor, secreted by certain cells of the immune system which modulate certain cell functions associated with immune response * * * cy·to·kine… …   Universalium Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 — Identifiers Symbols SOCS1; CIS1; CISH1; JAB; SOCS 1; SSI 1; SSI1; TIP3 External IDs …   Wikipedia 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”