Brugmansia

Brugmansia
Brugmansia
Brugmansia 'Feingold'
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Subfamily: Solanoideae
Tribe: Datureae
Genus: Brugmansia
Pers.
Species

See text
Synonyms

Elisia Milano
Methysticodendron R.E.Schult.
Pseudodatura Zijp[1]

Brugmansia is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae, native to subtropical regions of South America, along the Andes from Colombia to northern Chile, and also in southeastern Brazil. They are known as Angel's Trumpets, sharing that name with the closely related genus Datura. Brugmansia are long-lived, woody trees or bushes, with pendulous, not erect, flowers, that have no spines on their fruit. Datura species are herbaceous bushes with erect (not pendulous) flowers, and most have spines on their fruit.[2]

Contents

Description

Brugmansia are large shrubs or small trees, reaching heights of 3–11 m, with tan, slightly rough bark.

The leaves are alternate, generally large, 10–30 cm long and 4–18 cm broad, with an entire or coarsely toothed margin, and are covered with fine hairs.

The name Angel's Trumpet refers to the large, very dramatic, pendulous trumpet-shaped flowers, 14–50 cm to 20 inches long and 10–35 cm across at the wide end. They are white, yellow, pink, orange or red, and have a delicate, attractive scent with light, lemony overtones, most noticeable in early evening. Flowers may be single or double.

Toxicity

All parts of Brugmansia plants contain dangerous levels of poison and may be fatal if ingested by humans or animals, including livestock and pets. Contact with the eyes can cause pupil diliation (mydriasis) or unequal pupil size (anisocoria).[3] Some municipalities prohibit the purchase, sale, or cultivation of Brugmansia plants.[2]

Species

  • Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. (Andes - Ecuador to northern Chile)
  • Brugmansia aurea Lagerh. (Andes - Colombia to Ecuador)
  • Brugmansia insignis (Rodr.) Lagerh. (Lower mountain zone of Eastern Peru)[2]
  • Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don (Andes - Colombia to Peru and Bolivia)
  • Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J.Presl (Southeast Brazil west to Bolivia and Peru)
  • Brugmansia versicolor Lagerh. (Ecuador)
  • Brugmansia vulcanicola (A.S.Barclay) R.E.Schult. (Andes - Colombia to Ecuador)[2]

These species are divided into two natural, genetically isolated groups.[4] Brugmansia section Brugmansia includes the species aurea, insignis, sauveolens, and versicolor; and is causually referred to as the warm-growing group. B. section Sphaerocarpium includes the species arborea, sanguinea, and vulcanicola; and is casually referred to as the cold-growing group.

Cultivation

Brugmansia are easily grown in a moist, fertile, well-drained soil, in full sun to part shade, in frost-free climates. They begin to flower in mid to late spring in warm climates and continue into the fall, often continuing as late as early winter in warm conditions. In cool winters, outdoor plants need protection, but the roots are hardy and will resprout in April or May. The species from the higher elevations, in B. section Sphaerocarpium, prefer moderate temperatures and cool nights, and may not flower if temperatures are very hot. Most Brugmansias may be propagated easily by rooting 10–20 cm cuttings taken from the end of a branch during the summer.

  • A recently opened Brugmansia flower

  • Flower detail

  • Brugmansia × candida, Mangonui, North Island, New Zealand

  • Brugmansia vulcanicola flower

  • Flower

  • Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida

  • Brugmansia arborea

Several hybrids and numerous cultivars have been developed for use as ornamental plants. B. × candida is a hybrid between B. aurea and B. versicolor; B. × flava is a hybrid between B. arborea and B. sanguinea; and B. × cubensis[4] is a hybrid between B. suaveolens, B. versicolor, and B. aurea. There are cultivars producing double flowers, and some with variegated leaves.

Uses

Urarina shaman, 1988

The plants are sometimes ingested for recreational or shamanic rituals as the plant contains the tropane alkaloids scopolamine and atropine.

Ritualized Brugmansia consumption is an important aspect of the shamanic complexes noted among many indigenous peoples of western Amazonia, such as the Jivaroan speaking peoples. Likewise, it is a central component in the cosmology and shamanic practices of the Urarina peoples of Loreto, Peru.[5]

Plant Registration

The International Brugmansia & Datura Society, Inc. (IBADS), is the official International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA) for the genus Brugmansia.[6] This role was first delegated to the American Brugmansia And Datura Society (ABADS) by the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS) in 2002. In August of 2010 ABADS officially changed its name to IBADS.[7]

References

  1. ^ "Genus: Brugmansia Pers.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-01. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?13739. Retrieved 2010-09-25. 
  2. ^ a b c d Preissel, Ulrike; Hans-Georg Preissel (2002). Brugmansia and Datura: Angel's Trumpets and Thorn Apples. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. pp. 106–129. ISBN 1-55209-598-3. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1552095584. 
  3. ^ van der Donck, I.; Mulliez, E.; Blanckaert, J. (2004). "Angel's Trumpet (Brugmansia arborea) and mydriasis in a child - A case report". Bulletin de la Societe Belge d'Ophtalmologie 292: 53–56. ISSN 0081-0746. http://www.ophthalmologia.be/download.php?dof_id=223. 
  4. ^ a b Shaw, Julian M. H. (1999) Nomenclature Notes on Brugmansia. The New Plantsmen, 6(3): 148-151
  5. ^ Dean, Bartholomew 2009 Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia, Gainesville: University Press of Florida ISBN 978-081303378 [1]
  6. ^ International Society for Horticultural Science. "ICRA Report Sheet". http://www.ishs.org/sci/icralist/72.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-03. 
  7. ^ Ibrugs.com. "Cultivar Registration Information". http://ibrugs.com/CultivarRegistration/CultivarRegistrationInformation.aspx. Retrieved 2011-02-03. 

Further reading

  • Lockwood, T. E. (1973). Generic recognition of Brugmansia. Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 273–283.
  • Hayman, J. (1985). Datura Poisoning – The Angel's Trumpet. Pathology. 17: 465-466.
  • Huxley, A. (1992). The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.
  • Gottschalk, Monika (2000). Engelstrompeten (German with English translation booklet). BLV Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.

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Look at other dictionaries:

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  • Brugmansia — n. a genus of plants of the nightshade family, including some plants often placed in the genus {Datura}, such as the angel s trumpets. Syn: genus {Brugmansia}. [WordNet 1.5 +PJC] || …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

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  • Brugmansia — Brugmansia …   Wikipédia en Français

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