Eugen Dühring

Eugen Karl Dühring (12 January 1833 – 21 September 1921) was a German philosopher and economist, a socialist who was a strong critic of Marxism.

Life and works

Dühring was born in Berlin, Prussia. After a legal education he practised at Berlin as a lawyer until 1859. A weakness of the eyes, ending in total blindness, occasioned his taking up the studies with which his name is now connected. In 1864 he became docent of the university of Berlin, but, in consequence of a quarrel with the professoriate, was deprived of his licence to teach in 1874.

Among his works are Kapital und Arbeit (1865); Der Wert des Lebens (1865); Naturliche Dialektik (1865); Kritische Geschichte der Philosophie (1869); Kritische Geschichte der allgemeinen Principien der Mechanik (1872), one of his most successful works; Kursus der National und Sozialokonomie (1873); Kursus der Philosophie (1875), entitled in a later edition Wirklichkeitsphilosophie; Logik und Wissenschaftstheorie (1878); and Der Ersatz der Religion durch Vollkommeneres (1883). He also published Die Judenfrage als Frage der Racenschaedlichkeit (1881, The Parties and the Jewish Question), and other antisemitic treatises.

He published his autobiography in 1882 under the title Sache, Leben und Feinde; the mention of Feinde (enemies) is characteristic. Dühring's philosophy claims to be emphatically the philosophy of reality. He is passionate in his denunciation of everything which, like mysticism, tries to veil reality. He is, in the words of historian Carlton J. H. Hayes "almost Lucretian in his anger against religion"^[1] which would withdraw the secret of the universe from our direct gaze. His substitute for religion is a doctrine in many points akin to Comte and Feuerbach, the former of whom he resembles in his sentimentalism.

Dühring's economic views are said to derive largely from those of Friedrich List.^[2][3] On other matters—particularly their attitude to Jews—the two men held very different opinions.^[4]

Ideas

Dühring's opinions changed considerably after his first appearance as a writer. His earlier work, Naturliche Dialektik, is entirely in the spirit of Critical Philosophy. Later, in his movement towards Positivism, he strongly repudiates Kant's separation of phenomenon from noumenon, and affirms that our intellect is capable of grasping the whole reality. This adequacy of thought to things is because the universe contains but one reality, i.e. matter. It is to matter that we must look for the explanation both of conscious and of physical states. But matter is not, in his system, to be understood with the common meaning, but with a deeper sense as the substratum of all conscious and physical existence; and thus the laws of being are identified with the laws of thought. In this idealistic system Dühring finds room for teleology. The end of Nature, he holds, is the production of a race of conscious beings. From his belief in teleology he is not deterred by the enigma of pain. As a determined optimist, he asserts that pain exists to throw pleasure into conscious relief.

In ethics Dühring follows Comte in making sympathy the foundation of morality. In political philosophy he teaches an ethical communism, and attacks the Darwinian principle of struggle for existence. In economics he is best known by his vindication of the American writer H. C. Carey^{[citation needed]}, who attracts him both by his theory of value, which suggests an ultimate harmony of the interests of capitalist and laborer, and also by his doctrine of national political economy, which advocates protection on the ground that the morals and culture of a people are promoted by having its whole system of industry complete within its own borders. His patriotism is fervent, but narrow and exclusive. He idolized Frederick the Great, and denounced Jews, Greeks, and the cosmopolitan Goethe.

Legacy

He is chiefly remembered among English-speakers because of Engels' criticism of his views in Anti-Dühring: Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science. Engels wrote his Anti-Dühring in opposition to Dühring's ideas, which had found some disciples among the German Social Democrats. He is also the most prominent representative of the socialism of that era attacked by Nietzsche in his later works. Most of Dühring's work remains unavailable in English, aside from The Jewish Question.^[5]

"Heroic materialism" characterized Dühring's philosophy. He attacked capitalism, Marxism, organized Christianity and Judaism. Many scholars believe that Dühring's invention of a modern-sounding antisemitism helped persuade Theodore Herzl that Zionism was the only answer:

Herzl acknowledged this over and over in his diaries and correspondence: "I will fight anti-Semitism in the place it originated - in Germany and in Austria," he said in one letter. He identified the genealogy of modern, racist antisemitism in the writings of the German social scientist Dr. Eugen Duehring in the 1890s.^[6]

See also

• Friedrich List^{[citation needed]}
• Anti-Dühring

References

• Kritische Geschichte der allgemeinen Principien der Mechanik
• Kritische Geschichte der Nationalökonomie und des Sozialismus
• Cursus der Philosophie als streng wissenschaftlicher Weltanschauung und Lebensgestaltung
• MIA Glossary of People, under the GFDL.
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Dühring, Eugen Karl". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 
• Encyclopedia of Marxism (Creative Commons)

1. ^ Hayes, A Generation of Materialism, 1941, p. 128
2. ^ "It would be better to read Herr Dühring's chapter on mercantilism in the 'original', that is, in F. List's National System, Chapter 29..." Anti-Dühring)
3. ^ "Eugen Dühring", a lecturer at the university of Berlin, declared that List's doctrines represented 'the first real advance' in economics since the publication of The Wealth of Nations. (Henderson, William O. Friedrich List: Economist and Visionary (Frank Cass, London 1983) )
4. ^ "Up to the time of Philip II... Spain possessed all the elements of greatness and prosperity, when bigotry, in alliance with despotism, set to work to stifle the high spirit of the nation. The first commencement of this work of darkness was the expulsion of the Jews, and its crowning act the expulsion of the Moors, whereby two millions of the most industrious and well-to-do inhabitants were driven out of Spain with their capital." (From List's The National System of Political Economy, p 58.)
5. ^ Dühring, Eugen (1997). Eugen Dühring on the Jews. Brighton, England: Nineteen Eighty Four Press. pp. 228. ISBN 0906879310. 
6. ^ Herzel's Road to Zionism

Persondata
Name	Duhring, Eugen
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Date of birth	12 January 1833
Place of birth
Date of death	21 September 1921
Place of death