Herbrand–Ribet theorem

Herbrand–Ribet theorem

In mathematics, the Herbrand–Ribet theorem is a result on the class number of certain number fields. It is a strengthening of Kummer's theorem to the effect that the prime "p" divides the class number of the cyclotomic field of "p"-th roots of unity if and only if "p" divides the numerator of the nth Bernoulli number "B""n" for some "n", 0 < "n" < "p" − 1. The Herbrand–Ribet theorem specifies what, in particular, it means when "p" divides such an "B""n".

The Galois group &Sigma; of the cyclotomic field of "p"th roots of unity for an odd prime "p", Q(&zeta;) with &zeta;"p" = 1, consists of the "p" − 1 group elements &sigma;"a", where &sigma;"a" is defined by the fact that sigma_a(zeta) = zeta^a. As a consequence of the little Fermat theorem, in the ring of "p"-adic integers Bbb{Z}_p we have "p" − 1 roots of unity, each of which is congruent mod "p" to some number in the range 1 to "p" − 1; we can therefore define a Dirichlet character &omega; (the Teichmüller character) with values in Bbb{Z}_p by requiring that for "n" relatively prime to "p", &omega;("n") be congruent to "n" modulo "p". The "p" part of the class group is a Bbb{Z}_p-module, and we can apply elements in the group ring Bbb{Z}_p [Sigma] to it and obtain elements of the class group. We now may define an idempotent element of the group ring for each "n" from 1 to "p" − 1, as

:epsilon_n = frac{1}{p-1}sum_{a=1}^{p-1} omega(a)^n sigma_a^{-1}.

We now can break up the "p" part of the ideal class group "G" of Q(&zeta;) by means of the idempotents; if "G" is the ideal class group, then "G""n" = &epsilon;"n"("G").

Then we have the theorem of Herbrand–Ribet [Ribet, Ken, A modular construction of unramified p-extensions of Bbb{Q}(&mu;p), Inv. Math. 34 (3), 1976, pp. 151-162.] : "G""n" is nontrivial if and only if "p" divides the Bernoulli number "B""p"−"n". The part saying p divides "B""p"−"n" if "G""n" is not trivial is due to Herbrand. The converse, that if "p" divides "B""p"−"n" then "G""n" is not trivial is due to Ribet, and is considerably more difficult. By class field theory, this can only be true if there is an unramified extension of the field of "p"th roots of unity by a cyclic extension of degree "p" which behaves in the specified way under the action of &Sigma;; Ribet proves this by actually constructing such an extension using methods in the theory of modular forms. A more elementary proof of Ribet's converse to Herbrand's theorem can be found in Washington's book. [Washington, Lawrence C., Introduction to Cyclotomic Fields, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, 1997.]

Ribet's methods were pushed further by Barry Mazur and Andrew Wiles in order to prove the Main Conjecture of Iwasawa Theory, [Mazur, Barry, and Wiles, Andrew, Class Fields of Abelian Extension of Bbb{Q}, Inv. Math. 76 (2), 1984, pp. 179-330.] a corollary of which is a strengthening of the Herbrand-Ribet theorem: the power of "p" dividing "B""p"−"n" is exactly the power of "p" dividing the order of "G""n".

ee also

*Iwasawa Theory

References


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