Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric

For other uses, see Ohrid Archbishopric (disambiguation).

Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric
Jurisdiction	Patriarchate of Peć (Serbia)
Diocese type	Autonomous Archbishopric
Founded	1019[1] 2002, legalized 2005
Current Bishop	Archbishop Jovan VI
See	Ohrid
Headquarters	Bitola, Macedonia
Territory	Republic of Macedonia
Language	Old Church Slavonic
Population	N/A
Website	Official Site

The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric (Serbian, Macedonian: Православна Охридска Архиепископија, Pravoslavna Ohridska Arhiepiskopija) is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox archdiocese in the Republic of Macedonia. It is the only canonical Orthodox Church in the Republic of Macedonia and is in full communion with all other Orthodox Churches.

The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric has been refused registration by the Macedonian State Religion Commission on the grounds that one group may be registered for each confession and that the name was not sufficiently distinct from that of the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC).^[2] MOC is recognized by the State Religion Commission but not by any other Orthodox churches, which consider its unilateral 1967 declaration of autocephaly a breach of canon law.

Foundation

The Archbishopric claims inheritance from the Constantinopolitan Archbishopric of Ohrid, founded in 1019, by Basil II. This however has no historical basis.

Autonomy

In attempt to restore its canonical status and gain recognition from the Orthodox churches, the Macedonian Orthodox Church negotiated with the Serbian Orthodox Church, and these negotiations led to an eventual agreement signed in Niš in June 2002, thus known as the Niš Agreement.^[3] The agreement was signed by all bishops of both delegations. However, the bishops of the delegations of the Macedonian Orthodox Church were exposed to severe criticism for signing this agreement, and although they attempted to defend it for a short time,^[4] the Synod of the MOC rejected the agreement.

The Patriarch of Peć then summoned all bishops, clergy, monastics and faithful people to enter in liturgical and canonical unity with the Serbian Orthodox Church. Jovan Vraniskovski, Metropolitan of Veles and Povardarie, and all priests of Veles agreed to respond to this call, and all signed a document of agreement.^[5]

On 23 September 2002, Metr. Jovan was appointed Exarch of all the territories of the Ohrid Archdiocese by the Assembly of the Serbian Orthodox Church. On 25 December 2003, he was elected Chairman of the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, after it had been constituted.^[6]

On 24 May 2005, he was confirmed by Patriarch of Peć as Archbishop of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Skopje in accordance with the Niš Agreement. On the same day, there was an announcement of the Patriarchal and the Assembly's Tomos for Autonomy of the Ohrid Archbishopric,^[7] with Archbishop Jovan as the Chairman of the Holy Synod of Bishops.^[8]

Structure

Map of the seven diocese of Macedonia

As of 2009, the Macedonian Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric is headed by Archbishop Jovan VI of Ohrid and Macedonia. He presides over the Holy Synod of Hierarchs of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, consisting of 4 metropolitans and titular bishops.

Dioceses on the territory of Republic of Macedonia:

1. Archdiocese of Skopje, headed by Archbishop Jovan VI of Ohrid and Macedonia;
2. Diocese of Prespa and Pelagonia, vacant;
3. Diocese of Bregalnica, headed by Bishop Marko;
4. Diocese of Debar and Kičevo, vacant;
5. Diocese of Polog and Kumanovo, headed by Bishop Joakim;
6. Diocese of Veles and Povardarie (Vardar), vacant;
7. Diocese of Strumica, vacant;

The Holy Synod of bishops was constituted on 23 December 2003 in the monastery of Saint John Chrysostom. The current members of the Synod are:

• Archbishop Jovan (Vranišovski) of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Skopje; locum tenens of Veles and Povardarie.
• Bishop Joakim (Jovčevski) of Polog and Kumanovo; locum tenens of Debar and Kicevo.
• Bishop Marko (Kimev) of Bregalnica; locum tenens of Prespa and Pelagonia.
• Vicar bishop David (Ninov) of Stobi; locum tenens of Strumica.

The Archbishopric uses Old Church Slavonic language.

Persecution

Upon entering in the canonical and ecclesiastical unity with the Serbian Orthodox Church, and through that with the whole community of Orthodox Churches, Archbishop Jovan was expelled by the police, without a court order, from his residence and cathedra in Veles on 7 July 2002. In the same manner, illegally and without a court order, the monks of four monasteries, were expelled from their monasteries, i.e. homes, in January 2004, immediately after joining the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric.^[9][10] A fifth monastery, Saint John Chrysostom in the village Nižepole near Bitola, was broken into by armed and masked men, who not finding the Archbishop Jovan they were after, harassed and threatened the nuns with machine-guns, cut their hair and set the monastery on fire, in February 2004.^[11][12]

The faithful people of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric were raided by the police, molested and threatened to lose their jobs or have other problems.^[13][14] The Church in the Saint John Chrysostom monastery was demolished by the state authorities on 15 October 2004.^[15] The chapel St. Nectarios of Aegina, after being broken into and vandalized on several occasions, was at the end completely demolished on 12 July 2005. The priest who served at that chapel, Fr. Borjan Vitanov, was beaten up twice.^[14]

Archbishop Jovan was sentenced to 18 months of prison in June 2005 for Instigation of ethnic, racial and religious hatred, discord and intolerance. The verdict stated the conviction relied on these three points ^[16]:

1. he wrote a text in a religious calendar in which he slanders the Macedonian Orthodox Church
2. he agreed to be appointed as an Exarch of the Ohrid Archbishopric in Macedonia and participated in the ordination of the bishops Joachim and Marko and
3. he officiated at a religious service in an apartment owned by his parents.

He served 220 days in prison before the Supreme court declared the last two of the three points to be unconstitutional and his sentence was shortened to 8 months.^[17] Archbishop Jovan was sentenced for the second time, on charges for Embezzlement, and as a second defendant was sentenced to a higher prison term of 2 years than the first defendant (who was sentenced 1 year and 3 months) in 2006. He served 256 days before being released.^[18]

The declaratively secular state legalized its identification with a specific religious community Macedonian Orthodox Church, through the Parliament’s "Declaration for support of the autocephaly of the MOC" reached on 23 January 2004.^[19][20] The Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric is denied registration by the state authorities.^[21][22][23] Orthodox clergy is not allowed to enter the country.^[24][25][26]

International Reactions

• The United States Department of State constantly includes in its "Religious Freedom Report" and "Human Rights Report" information regarding the restrictions of the religious freedoms of the members of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric, existence of religious prisoners, violation of freedom of movement, police terror and demolition of a monastery, prevention of OSCE from obtaining a copy of the decision upon which the demolition was carried out, police interrogations of the members of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric etc. [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]
• The US Mission to the OSCE warned of Violation of freedom of religion and encouraged the authorities to apply the law fairly, advising the government should avoid involving in religious disputes, reminding that Article Nine of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 19 of the Macedonian Constitution as well as Macedonia’s OSCE commitments, and international norms, all guarantee his right to freedom of religion.^[27]
• The European Commission pointed out that cases of violations of religious freedom exist and emphasized that the new law should provide more liberal procedure for registering religious communities.^[28]
• Amnesty International declared the Archbishop Jovan a Prisoner of conscience.^[29]
• Freedom House reported that Archbishop Jovan has been arrested ... for his ties to the Serbian Orthodox Church.^[30] In Freedom House's publications Macedonia received a downward trend arrow due to ... an increase in the harassment of leaders of various religious groups.^[31]
• The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights constantly reports about the violation of the religious freedoms and human rights of the members of the Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric: The violation of several basic rights was the result of activities of a number of state institutions (especially the Ministry of the Interior) directed against not only the followers (monks of the MOC who were supporting Vraniskovski), but also against citizens who approve of him or had compassionate sentiments or attitude towards them. This can be illustrated by the following: problems upon entry and exit from the state, threats, police detention, lawsuits against citizens who have provided housing for the outcast monks, police ban in the exercise of the right to residence [10], [11], [12] etc.
• Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe reported about the imprisonment of Archbishop Jovan, finding that Macedonian officials, in response to the ecclesiastical dispute concerning the status of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, have over-reacted and that the 18-month prison term sentence is excessive and unjustified. Regarding the case of the destruction of the chapel, the report states that The government, at least, must exhibit more restraint and end these harassments, and also pay reparations for the destroyed buildings. The report also covers the religious freedom governing legal framework, finding it ambiguous, and further stating that Since religious groups are required to register, the lack of a clear mechanism can be problematic. ^[32]
• Forum 18 reports that New Religion Law perpetuates discrimination [13]
• Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople sent a letter to the Prime Minister of Macedonia requesting immediate release of Archbishop Jovan.^[33][34]
• Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow sent a letter to the President of Macedonia demanding immediate release of the Archbishop Jovan.^[35]
• Holy Synod Of Hierarchs Of The Church of Greece expressed a severe protest for an emergent release of Archbishop Jovan from prison, and for respect of religious freedom in the Republic of Macedonia.^[36]
• The Holy Community of the Mount Athos sent a letter of support to the Archbishop Jovan, signed by all Representatives and Abbots who are in the common Assembly of the twenty Holy Monasteries of the Holy Mount Athos.^[37]
• The Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas Condemned the Imprisonment of Archbishop Jovan by Macedonia and asked for his release.^[38]
• Metropolitan Herman of the Orthodox Church in America called for release of Archbishop Jovan of Ohrid.^[39]

References

1. ^ See Archbishopric of Ochrid
2. ^ US State Dept. Report on Religious Freedom in Macedonia, 2006
3. ^ Full text of the Nis Agreement
4. ^ Statement by the MOC bishops that signed the Niš Agreement: we do not want to be schismatics [1]
5. ^ The agreement with the signatures of the priests from the Metropolis of Veles for entrance into liturgical and canonical unity with the Serbian orthodox church
6. ^ The decision for constitution of the Synod (in Macedonian)
7. ^ The tomos for autonomy
8. ^ Confirmation of the election of His Eminence the Metropolitan of Veles and Vardar Valley Kyr Jovan to be Archbishop of Ohrid and Metropolitan of Skopje
9. ^ Serbian Orthodox Archbishop Jovan has again been arrested by Macedonian police, along with four monks, seven nuns, and a theology student from Bulgaria currently studying in Greece, Forum 18 News Service has learnt. The Archbishop and the monks and nuns have been held in jail, and the theology student has been deported and banned for two years from entering Macedonia. The latest arrests took place when police interrupted a church service... [2]
10. ^ Helsinki Committee for Human Rights - The Case of "monks expelled" from their homes.
11. ^ US State Dept. report on Religious Freedoms in Macedonia
12. ^ Forum 18 - MACEDONIA: Who attacked, armed with machine guns, an Orthodox monastery?
13. ^ Forum 18 - MACEDONIA: Priests and police raid and threaten Serbian Orthodox believers
14. ^ ^{a b} US State Dept. Religious Freedom Report on Macedonia, 2006
15. ^ US State Dept. report on Religious Freedom in Macedonia
16. ^ Full text of the verdict
17. ^ Full text of the verdict of the Supreme Court
18. ^ Full text of the convicting verdict
19. ^ News report: The parliament adopted the "Declaration for support of the autocephaly of the MOC"
20. ^ Reached on 7 June, presidential spokesperson Valentin Nikoloski told Forum 18 that the dispute was an issue for the Macedonian state because, he claimed, the Serbian Orthodox Church has not recognised the Macedonian nation and state. [3]
21. ^ Such communities "will never get registration", Cane Mojanovski, head of the State Committee for Relations with Religious Communities and Religious Groups, told Forum 18 News Service, as only the Macedonian Orthodox Church can exist in the country. [4]
22. ^ Forum 18 - MACEDONIA: Selective refusal to register Serbian Orthodox Church
23. ^ US State Dept. Report on Religious Freedom in Macedonia, 2008
24. ^ Violation of the right to free movement (1.2) Helsinki Committee for Human Rights Report for October 2004
25. ^ Media report on the border-crossing policies for orthodox priests
26. ^ Serbian Bishop not permitted to pass through Macedonia on demand by MOC
27. ^ US Mission to the OSCE - Statement on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
28. ^ The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2006 Progress Report
29. ^ Amnesty International sees Jovan Vraniskovski a prisoner of conscience
30. ^ Freedom House report on Macedonia, 2007
31. ^ Freedom House report on Macedonia, 2005
32. ^ Religious Freedom in Southeastern Europe
33. ^ Σεπτόν Πατριαρχικόν Γράμμα πρός τόν Ἐξοχ. κ. Vlado Buckovski, Πρωθυπουργόν τῆς FYROM(11/08/2005)
34. ^ Patriarchal Letter to the Prime Minister of FYROM Mr. Vlado Buckovski
35. ^ A letter from His Holyness Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow to the President of Macedonia
36. ^ Διαμαρτυρία της Συνόδου για τον Αρχιεπίσκοπο Αχρίδος
37. ^ The letter from the Assembly of the twenty Holy Monasteries of Holy Mount Athos to the Metropolitan Jovan
38. ^ SCOBA Condemns Imprisonment of Archbishop Jovan By FYROM and Asks For His Release
39. ^ Metropolitan Herman calls for release of Archbishop Jovan of Ohrid

External links

• Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric official page
• Forum 18
• Institute for War and Peace Reporting
• FreeArchbishop.com
• Ecumenical Patriarchate
• Patriarchia.ru
• Church of Greece
• The Orthodox Word

See also

• Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid
• List of Eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church