Combe Down

Coordinates: 51°21′40″N 2°20′33″W / 51.3610°N 2.3425°W / 51.3610; -2.3425

Combe Down
Combe Down  Combe Down shown within Somerset
OS grid reference	ST761625
Unitary authority	Bath and North East Somerset
Ceremonial county	Somerset
Region	South West
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	BATH
Postcode district	BA2
Dialling code	01225
Police	Avon and Somerset
Fire	Avon
Ambulance	Great Western
EU Parliament	South West England
UK Parliament	Bath
List of places: UK • England • Somerset

Combe Down is a village suburb of Bath, England in the Bath and North East Somerset unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Somerset. Combe Down sits on a ridge above and about 1.5 miles to the south of Bath city centre. "Combe" or "coombe" is a West Country word meaning a steep-sided valley. The area encompassing present-day Combe Down includes the original village consisting predominantly of 18th and 19th century stone-built villas and workers' cottages; the post-WW2 Foxhill estate of former council houses; and a range of Georgian, Victorian and more recent properties along both sides of North Road and Bradford Road. Formerly part of the Parish of Monkton Combe, Combe Down village was incorporated into the city of Bath in the 1950s.^[1]

Combe Down village sits above an area of redundant 18th and 19th century stone mines. In a project which took place between 2005 and 2010, these mines were the focus of major infill and stabilisation works funded by central Government.^[2]

Local amenities

The local state primary school is Combe Down CEVC (Church of England Voluntary Controlled) Primary School, housed partly in a unique log cabin imported from Finland.^[3] The nearest state secondary school with sixth form is Ralph Allen School. A private school for children aged between 2 and 18 (Monkton Combe School) has its nursery, pre-prep department (Glenburnie) and preparatory school located in the village.

Shops in the centre of the village include a Co-op, a newsagent, a delicatessen with coffee shop, an estate agency and a pharmacy, together with a barber, two hair salons, a beautician, a crockery hire business and an art gallery. There is a small branch of Barclays Bank on North Road, adjacent to a second-hand children's clothes shop, and there is a fish and chip shop on Bradford Road. The village post office closed in 2006 despite much public opposition and the nearest post office branch is now located inside a grocery store in a row of shops serving the Foxhill community on the Bradford Road. There is a car repair garage close to the centre of the village.

There are three local pubs, an Anglican church (Holy Trinity) and an evangelical chapel within walking distance for most residents. The Church Rooms are available for local groups. Combe Down village includes flourishing rugby union and cricket clubs, a children's nursery, a doctors' surgery, a chiropodist and a dentist as well as an active Cub and Scout Group (10th Bath) with its own Scouts' Hut. There are several societies, including an active local history group (the Combe Down Heritage Society), a branch of the Women's Institute and the Combe Down Art Group.

A large public open space (Firs Field) encompasses the village war memorial and contains a play area with children's play equipment that was renewed and renovated in 2006. Much of this field was utilised for the headquarters of the mine infill project but was restored to meadowland following the successful completion of the stabilisation works in 2010. A residents' group (The Friends of Firs Field) exists to ensure the representation of local residents' interests in this regard, and that restoration and management of the field is appropriate.

The village pubs are the King William,^[4], the Hadley Arms^[5] and the Foresters', re-named the Forester and Flower in late 2006.

There are frequent daily bus services to the village from Bath city centre (service number 1). In the evenings these services are less frequent. The privately-owned Bath 'circular tour' bus route passes along the outskirts of the village and down Ralph Allen Drive. There are additional bus services mainly transporting students to the nearby University of Bath.

Stone mines and quarries

See also Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines.

The mines at Combe Down are Oolitic (oolite) limestone mines, mainly worked in the 18th and 19th century. Stone was extracted by the "room and pillar" method, by which chambers were mined out, leaving pillars of stone to support the roof. The Bath stone used for many of the buildings in Bath - as well as for other important buildings around the United Kingdom including Buckingham Palace - was mined from beneath and around Combe Down. Many of these workings were once owned by the eighteenth century Postmaster General Ralph Allen (1694–1764). The mines were closed in the 19th century but building work continued above ground, with some roads and houses eventually resting on only a thin crust — in places between only one and two metres deep — above large underground cavities with inadequate support.^[6]

A five-year central government-funded project began in late 2005 to stabilise and fill the abandoned mine workings. The Council approved the planning application in June 2003 and approximately 760 village properties were included within its boundary. All mine workings inside the boundary of the planning application were stabilised using foamed concrete to satisfy a 100-year design life while ensuring archaeologically important areas and bat habitats were protected. In some hydrologically sensitive areas, "stowing" - an infill with aggregate limestone — was undertaken. Archaeologically important areas were filled with sand, and new bat caves and tunnels were created.^[2]

The £154.6 million grant for the works came from the Land Stabilisation Programme which was set up by the government in 1999 to deal with "abandoned non-coal mine workings which are likely to collapse and threaten life and property" and managed by English Partnerships — the national regeneration agency. The total amount included £22.7m which had already been used for emergency stabilisation work before the approval of the main project.^[2]

Several public art projects celebrated the completion of the stabilisation works.

One working quarry (Upper Lawn Quarry) still remains on the edge of the village, located off Shaft Road. This supplies high quality Bath stone to the city and more widely across the UK.^[7]

Combe Down Railway Tunnel

Opened in 1874, this mile-long railway tunnel Combe Down Tunnel (now disused) emerges below the southern slopes of the village. It was once the UK’s longest railway tunnel (1,829 yards) without intermediate ventilation. It is planned that the tunnel will form part of the £1.8 million Two Tunnels Greenway walking and cycling path.^[8] Its custodian is Wessex Water. The fourth and final £100,000 tranche of Council funding is due in financial year 2011/12 when the tunnel will be given a cycle-friendly surface, mobile phone coverage and lighting via motion detectors. Bat-friendly LED technology is being considered as an alternative to high-pressure sodium lamps.

Site of Roman Villa

It is believed that a Roman villa was situated on the southern slopes of the village somewhere below Belmont Road,^[9] the site of which was discovered in the 1850s.^[10] An inscription on a stone recovered from the area reads "PRO SALVTE IMP CES M AVR ANTONINI PII FELICIS INVICTI AVG NAEVIVS AVG LIB ADIVT PROC PRINCIPIA RVINA OPRESS A SOLO RESTITVIT". This can be translated as: "For the health of Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus, Naevius the imperial freedman, helped to restore from its foundations the procurator's headquarters which had broken down in ruins." It is thought to date from AD 212-222.^[11] Finds from the site were taken to the Somerset County Museum at Taunton.

Jewish Burial Ground

The Jewish burial ground is a site of historic value on Bradford Road and is one of only fifteen in the country to survive from the Georgian period.^[12] While the burial ground has suffered a period of neglect since its closure in the early 20th century, much remains intact to serve as an important reminder of Bath’s historic Jewish community.^[12] Dating from 1812, the last recorded burial was in 1946. The Prayer House (Ohel) which dates from around 1836 is of particular interest as there are few such examples still standing. English Heritage gave it a Grade II listing in 2006.^[13] The site contains two chest tombs and some fifty gravestones, dating from between 1842 to 1921, with both Hebrew and English inscriptions. Funds to restore the Prayer House, conserve the grave stones, repair the boundary wall, replace the gates and develop interpretation of the site have been sought in partnership with the Combe Down Heritage Society and the World Heritage Enhancement Fund.

De Montalt Mill

The De Montalt paper mill stood on the southern slopes of the village during the 19th century; it gradually fell into picturesque ruin until it was converted into housing during 2007. The mill was probably built by the second Baron De Montalt, Viscount Hawarden in the early 19th century and was owned by John Bally, (a bookseller in Milsom Street in Bath), William Allan or Ellan and George Steart (d.1837), all trading as paper-makers under the name of John Bally & Co.

A print dating from the 1820s shows the mill which then possessed the largest water wheel in England, measuring 56 feet in diameter. It has subsequently been discovered that most of the coloured papers used by J.M.W. Turner (1775–1851) for a good number of his approximately twenty thousand drawings and watercolours were made at De Montalt Mill. The collection is now housed in The Turner Bequest at the Tate Gallery, London. The paper was of a very high standard and the watercolour boards were made without being pasted together which ensured they remained free from mildew; however, despite the early success of the business, it failed in 1834. The premises were later used for a variety of purposes including the possible (but unconfirmed) manufacture of Gutta-percha (a natural rubber-based material used in picture frames and golf balls); market gardening (1871); and cabinet making from (1875) until the lease expired in 1905 and it closed.^[14] In the 20th century cows and pigs were being reared on the site.^[15]

Various parts of the mill have grade II listed building status, including the southern range which consisted of the apprentice shops and stores,^[16] the main east block which was the printing works, used to print notes for Bank of England, and later converted to cabinet manufacturing,^[17] and the chimney.^[18] An Italianate villa set in the grounds is also grade II listed.^[19]

The Mill and its associated buildings were converted to residential use during 2007, with the main mill building being converted into four apartments.^[20] Elements of the conversion featured in the Channel 4 television programme Grand Designs.

Local flora

A local woodland wild flower is the Bath Asparagus, also known as the Spiked Star of Bethlehem (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum).^[21] The flowers appear in June after the leaves die; the leaves resemble bluebell leaves but are a softer green and not as glossy. The flowering spike is up to one metre high.^[22] At the unopened stage the flowers used to be gathered in small quantities as a fresh vegetable by local people; it was also occasionally sold in local markets.^[23] However, picking the flowers today is not encouraged as wild asparagus is becoming rare. According to research carried out by Avon Wildlife Trust the plant is found throughout Europe but has only a limited UK distribution. It is possible that the flower was first brought to the Bath area as seeds carried on the wheels and hooves of Roman vehicles and animals.

Grade II listed buildings in Combe Down village

No 2 Avenue Place Nos 3 to 5 (consec) ST 7562 37/978 Avenue Place Ashlands Belmont Combe Ridge St Christopher Vale View House West Brow Nos 1 to 3 Byfield Buildings Nos 1 to 5 Byfield Place Claremont House 113-117 Church Road Combe Lodge No 141 Church Road Combe House 149 Church Road 151 Church Road Nos 153 and 155 Church Road No 157 Church Road No 159 Church Road Nos 71-79 Church Road 81 Church Road Nos 83-101 Church Road Combe Down junior school Hope Cote Lodge Lodge to the Brow The Brow The Vicarage Union Chapel Nos 16-22 Combe Road 24 Combe Road

Holy Trinity Church Nos 26-30 Combe Road 42 and 44 Combe Road 46 and 48 Combe Road 50 and 52 Combe Road 62 Combe Road Nos 1 to 3 De Montalt Cottages No 1 De Montalt Place (National Westminster Bank) Nos 124-128 North Road 130 and 132 North Road 134 and 136 North Road 138 North Road 140 and 140A North Road 142 North Road 144 North Road 146-152 North Road 154 and 156 North Road 100-104 North Road 106A North Road 1-3 Oxford Place Tyning House Victoria Cottage 1 and 2 Park Place No 3 Park Place 158 to 162 Priory Place Nos 1 to 13 consec Quarry Vale Cottages Rock Hall House Lodge Style Isabella House

Notable residents

Henry John Patch (better known as Harry Patch) was born in Combe Down in 1898; both his father and grandfather were local stonemasons. His family home is still in existence in Gladstone Road. Patch was briefly the third oldest man in the world^[24] and the last trench veteran of World War I. He died in July 2009, aged 111, by which time he was the last soldier to have fought in the trenches, the second last surviving British war veteran and one of four surviving soldiers from the conflict worldwide. His memoir, The Last Surviving Tommy, records his Combe Down childhood in some detail.

Herbert Lambert FRPS, 1881–1936, Bath portrait photographer and harpsichord and clavichord maker.^[25]

Charlie McDonnell, the most subscribed YouTube vlogger in the United Kingdom, grew up in Combe Down before moving to London in 2010.^[26]

References

1. ^ "Cultural and historical development of Bath". Bath City-Wide Character Appraisal. Bath & North East Somerset Council. 31 August 2005. http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environmentandplanning/planning/localdevelopmentscheme/Bath+CW+CA+-+Cultural+and+historical+development.htm. Retrieved 8 August 2009 
2. ^ ^{a b c} "Combe Down Stone Mines Land Stabilisation Project". Bath and North East Somerset Council. http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environmentandplanning/majordevelopments/combedownstonemines/. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 
3. ^ "History of the School". Combe Down School. http://www.combedown.com/all-about-the-school/history.html. Retrieved 3 November 2008. 
4. ^ "King William IV Public House". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=447264. Retrieved 15 November 2006. 
5. ^ "Hadley Arms". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=446806. Retrieved 15 November 2006. 
6. ^ "Combe Down Mines". Oxford Archeology. http://thehumanjourney.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=179&Itemid=129. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 
7. ^ "Upper Lawn Quarry". BRE. http://projects.bre.co.uk/ConDiv/stonelist/combedown.html. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 
8. ^ "The Two Tunnels Shared Use Path" (PDF). Bath & North East Somerset Council. Archived from the original on 7 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071107064420/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/transportandstreets/walkingandcycling/cycling/twotunnels.htm. Retrieved 3 October 2007. 
9. ^ Johnstone, David E. (2004). Roman Villas. Shire Archeology (5th ed.). Shire Publications Ltd. pp. 29. ISBN 978-0747806004. http://books.google.com/?id=lr2jWoc7yHcC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Combe+Down+Roman+villa&q=Combe%20Down%20Roman%20villa. 
10. ^ Aylett, Malcolm (2005). The Roman Villa at Combe Down. Combe Down Heritage Society. http://www.avonhgpg.co.uk/timp/cdhs/publications/romanvilla.html. 
11. ^ "Romano-British Villa. Combe Down, Monkton Combe, Avon". Roman Britain. http://www.roman-britain.org/places/combe_down.htm. Retrieved 13 November 2009. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Pentreath, Tim. "Bath Jewish Cemetery". http://bathjewishcemetery.wordpress.com/about/. Retrieved 13 November 2009. 
13. ^ "History". Bath Jewish Cemetery. http://bathjewishcemetery.wordpress.com/history/. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 
14. ^ Around Combe Down, Peter Addison, Millstream Book, 1998
15. ^ "Newsletter 54, May 2005". History of Bath Research Group. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929021232/http://www.sciencescope.co.uk/HBRG+Pdfs/Newsletter+54.pdf. Retrieved 15 November 2006. 
16. ^ "De Montalt Works (South Range)". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=447483. Retrieved 15 November 2006. 
17. ^ "De Montalt Works (Main East Block)". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=447482. Retrieved 15 November 2006. 
18. ^ "Chimney to west of De Montalt Works". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=447484. Retrieved 15 November 2006. 
19. ^ "Italianate villa set in grounds of De Montalt Works". Images of England. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=447481. Retrieved 15 November 2006. 
20. ^ "Planning Application". B&NES Council. http://idox.bathnes.gov.uk/WAM/doc/Application%20Form-75121.pdf?extension=.pdf&wmTransparency=0&id=75121&wmLocation=0&location=VOLUME1&contentType=application%2Fpdf&wmName=&pageCount=2. Retrieved 27 December 2006. 
21. ^ "The Landscape of Combe Down". Combe Down Heritage Society. http://www.avonhgpg.co.uk/timp/cdhs/combedown/location.html. Retrieved 13 November 2009. 
22. ^ Junker, Karan (2007). Gardening with Woodland Plants. Timber Press. p. 271. ISBN 0881928216. http://books.google.com/?id=dk28nOOY2IAC&pg=PA271&dq=Ornithogalum+pyrenaicum. Retrieved 7 April 2008. 
23. ^ "Brown's Folly". Avon Wildlife Trust. http://www.avonwildlifetrust.org.uk/documents/reserve_walks/Walk-Browns_folly.pdf. Retrieved 13 November 2009. 
24. ^ "Validated living supercentenarians". http://www.grg.org/Adams/E.HTM. Retrieved 25 September 2011. 
25. ^ Pioneers of the English Clavichord Revival by Lynne Mirrey, The British Clavichord Society Newsletter, No 41, June 2008
26. ^ "Teenager's tea tips cause a stir". BBC. 1 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/7022544.stm. Retrieved 7 November 2007. 

External links

• Combe Down Heritage Society
• Combe Down CEVC Primary School
• Ralph Allen School
• Monkton Combe School
• Combe Down Rugby Club
• Combe Down Cricket Club
• Combe Down Surgery
• Holy Trinity Church
• Union Chapel
• Jewish Burial Ground
• The Forester and Flower pub
• 10th Bath (Combe Down) Scout Group
• Combe Down Stone Mines Stabilisation Project Update
• Photographs of Combe Down from the Francis Frith Collection
• Combe Down Garage
• Combe Down Liberal Democrat Councillors' blog
• Combe Down Nursery