Ostracoderm

Ostracoderms ("shell-skinned") are any of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armor of bony plates. They belong to the taxon Ostracodermi, and their fossils are found in the Ordovician and Devonian Period strata of North America and Europe. They were often less than 30 cm (1 ft) long and were probably slow, bottom-dwelling animals.^[1] Another innovation of ostracoderms was the use of gills not for feeding, but exclusively for respiration. Earlier chordates with gills used them for both respiration and feeding. Ostracoderms had separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. Unlike invertebrates that use ciliated motion to move food, ostracoderms used their muscular pharynx to create a suction that pulled small and slow moving prey into their mouths.

Ostracoderms were the first fossil fish to be discovered. The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s. He had a hard time classifying them as they did not resemble any living creature. He compared them at first with extant armored fish such as catfish and sturgeons but later realizing that they had no movable jaws, classified them in 1844 into a new group "ostracoderms" which means "shell-skinned".^[2]

Ostracoderms existed in two major groups, the more primitive heterostracans and the cephalaspids. The cephalaspids were more advanced than the heterostracans in that they had lateral stabilizers for more control of their swimming.

After the appearance of jawed fish (placoderms, acanthodians, sharks, etc.) about 420 million years ago, most ostracoderm species underwent a decline, and the last ostracoderms became extinct at the end of the Devonian period. More recent research indicates, however, that fish with jaws had far less to do with the extinction of the ostracoderms than previously assumed.^[3]

The Subclass Ostracodermi has been placed in the Superclass Agnatha along with the extant Subclass Cyclostomata, which includes lampreys and hagfishes. The term does not often appear in classifications today because it is paraphyletic or polyphyletic. However, "ostracoderm" is still used as an informal term for the armored jawless fishes of the Paleozoic.

Major groups

Some major groups of ostracoderms are as follows.

• †Pteraspida
• †Thelodonti
• †Anaspida
• †Galeaspida
• †Pituriaspida
• †Osteostraci

See also

Paleontology portal

• Placoderm
• Acanthodii

References

1. ^ JSTOR: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 225, No. 527 (Oct. 22, 1935 ), pp. 381-457. JSTOR 92279. 
2. ^ Maisey, John G. (1996). Discovering Fossil Fishes (illustrated ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Company. p. 37. 
3. ^ Vertebrate jaw design locked down early