Greater Mauritania

"Greater Mauritania" is a term for the Mauritanian irredentist claim to Western Sahara, and possibly other Moorish or Sahrawi-populated areas of the western Sahara desert.

Background

The term was first used by Mauritania's first president, Mokhtar Ould Daddah, as he began claiming the territory then known as Spanish Sahara even before Mauritanian independence in 1960. In 1957, Ould Daddah stated

:"I therefore call on our brothers in the Spanish Sahara to dream of this economic and spiritual Greater Mauritania of which we cannot speak at present. I address to them and I ask you to repeat to them a message of friendship, a call for concord between all the Moors of the Atlantic, in Azaouad and from the Draa to the borders of Senegal." (Ould Ahmed Salem, p. 506, n. 17)

The basis for his claim was the close ethnic and cultural ties between the Mauritanian Moors and the Sahrawis of Spanish Sahara, in effect forming two subsets of the same tribal Arabo-Berber population. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+mr0030)]

The claim to the Spanish Sahara was again popularized by the regime in the early 1970s, as Spain prepared to depart the colony. Mauritania then feared Moroccan expansion towards its border, against the background of competing claims for a "Greater Morocco" that had previously included not only Spanish Sahara, but also Mauritania in its entirety. (Morocco had refused to recognize Mauritania from independence in 1960, although relations were established in 1969.) [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+mr0029)]

Pennell writes, :"The Mauritanian President, Mokhtar Ould Dada, talked about a 'Greater Mauritania', a supposed common culture shared by Arabic-speaking tribes between the Senegal river and the Dràa valley. The idea helped build unity at home, and to hold back Moroccan expansionism." (p. 336)

Says Thompson & Adloff,:"From the outset of his political career, Daddah voiced an irredentist policy with regard to the Western Sahara, with striking perseverance but also without flamboyance, with less than wholehearted backing by his people, and with smaller means at his disposal than those of Morocco. Realism having always characterised Daddah's appraisal of Mauritania's status, he progressively reduced his territorial demands from those of an area larger than the entire Spanish Sahara to what he called Western Tiris, or Tiris El Gharbia." (p. 270)

Mauritanian claims to the territory were thus used to stave off the perceived threat of Moroccan expansionism, and to entice Spain into dividing the territory between Morocco and Mauritania in the Madrid Accords. This, however, did not take into account a ruling by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) that [ [http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/isasummary751016.htm had decided] in late 1975 that the people of Western Sahara had a right to self-determination, to be exercised freely in the form of a choice between integration with one or both of Mauritania and Morocco, or setting up an independent state. The Mauritanian portion of the territory, corresponding to the southern half of Río de Oro, or one-third of the entire territory, was renamed Tiris al-Gharbiyya.

Results

The takeover was violently opposed by a pre-existing indigenous independence movement, the Polisario Front, which had gained support from Algeria. The ensuing war went badly for Mauritania, and Ould Daddah's government fell in 1978. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+mr0034)] The country left Tiris al-Gharbiyya the following year, renouncing all claims to any part of Western Sahara, and recognizing the Polisario Front as its people's legitimate representative. Relations with Rabat deteriorated rapidly, and amid allegations of Moroccan backing for attempted coups and minor armed clashes, Mauritania drew closer to Algeria and the Polisario. The government later established formal relations with the Front's government-in-exile, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, as a recognized sovereign over the territory. [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+mr0038)]

The vision of Greater Mauritania holds little appeal in today's Mauritania, and it is not pursued by any major political faction. While still recognizing the Sahrawi republic, relations with Morocco have been largely mended, and the country generally seeks to stay out of the Western Sahara dispute, which remains unresolved.

See also

* History of Western Sahara
* Greater Morocco
* Irredentism

Further reading

* Douglas E. Ashford, John Hopkins University, "The Irredentist Appeal in Morocco and Mauritania", "The Western Political Quarterly", Vol. 15, No. 5, 1962-12, p. 641-651
* Tony Hodges (1983), "Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War", Lawrence Hill Books (ISBN 0-88208-152-7)
* Mercer, John (1976), "Spanish Sahara", George Allen & Unwid Ltd (ISBN 0-04-966013-6)
* Anthony G. Pazzanita (1996), "Historical Dictionary of Mauritania", 2nd ed, Scarecrow Press
* Anthony G. Pazzanita (2006), "Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara", 3rd ed, Scarecrow Press
* Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, "Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State", "Journal of North Africa Studies", Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Sep-Dec. 2005, p. 491-506.
* Pennell, C. R. (2000), "Morocco since 1830. A History", New York University Press (ISBN 0-8147-6676-5)
* Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1980), "The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict", Barnes & Noble Books (ISBN 0-389-20148-0)

External links

* [http://mondediplo.com/2006/01/12asahara How the US and Morocco seized Western Sahara] - by Jacob Mundy, Le Monde Diplomatique, January 2006.