- Jōkyū
was a Japanese era name (年号, "nengō", lit.
year name) after "Kempō" and before "Jōō." This period spanned the years from1219 through1222 . The reigning emperor was Juntoku"-tennō" (順徳天皇). [Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Annales des empereurs du Japon," pp. 230-238; Brown, Delmer "et al." (1979). "Gukanshō," pp. 341-343; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki." pp. 221-223.]Change of era
* 1219 ("Jōkyū gannen" 承久元年): The new era name was created because the previous era ended and a new one commenced in "Kempo" 3, on the 6th day of the 12th month of 1213. [Brown, p. 341.]
Events of the "Jōkyū" era
* February 12, 1219 ("Jōkyū 1, 26th day of the 1st month"): Shogun Sanetomo was assassinated on the steps of
Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura. The 40 years during whichMinamoto no Yoritomo ,Minamoto no Yoriie and Minamoto no Sanetomo were successive heads of theKamakura shogunate was sometimes called "the period of the three shoguns." [Titsingh, [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA235,M1 p. 235.] There is a scholarly discrepancy in the specific date of the assassination -- on the 26th day of the 1st month of the 1st year ofJōkyū (Tuesday,February 12 ,1219 ) according to Titsingh; Murray, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iSANAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA504&lpg=PA504&dq=minamoto+kokio&source=web&ots=QRgvGxnp6T&sig=Z-yMkgTrJZXd1IAn32Kmrt2ohxI&hl=en#PPA504,M1 p. 504;] Brinkley, Frank. (1915). [http://books.google.com/books?id=JlUCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&client=firefox-a#PPA339,M1 "A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era," p. 339;] and Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). [http://books.google.com/books?id=0gweAAAAMAAJ&q=Sanetomo+murdered&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&lr=&client=firefox-a&pgis=1 "Sovereign and Subject," p. 140.] Alternately, Sanetomo's death is recorded as January 27, 1219 according to Mass, Jeffrey P. (1995). [http://books.google.com/books?id=ijyj-9lHNigC&pg=PA158&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&lr=&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U1pOaH__00gZkMjuNNlrQiGfALjNw#PPA157,M1 "Court and Bakufu in Japan: Essays in Kamakura History," p. 157;] Kamiya, Michinori (2008). "Fukaku Aruku - Kamakura Shiseki Sansaku." Vol. 1, pp. 17-23; Mutsu, Iso (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=lr1-AAAAIAAJ&q=Sanetomo+murdered&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&lr=&client=firefox-a&pgis=1 "Kamakura: Fact and Legend,"] p. 103. Japanese Wikipedia identifies [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E5%AE%9F%E6%9C%9D Sanetomo's death] as February 13, 1219.] ] A new shogun was not to be named for several years during which the Kamakura bureaucracy nevertheless continued to function without interruption.
* 1220 ("Jōkyū 2, 2nd month"): The emperor visited theIwashimizu Shrine and theKamo Shrines . [Titsingh, p. 236.]
* May 13, 1221 ("Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month"): In the 11th year of Juntoku"-tennō" 's reign (順徳天皇11年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession ("senso") was received by eldest son who was only 4 years old. Shortly thereafter,Emperor Chūkyō is said to have acceded to the throne ("sokui"). [Titsingh, p. 236; Brown, p.343; Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of "senso" is unrecognized prior toEmperor Tenji ; and all sovereigns except , Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have "senso" and "sokui" in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.] ] The reign of Emperor Chūkyō spans a small number of months.
* July 29, 1221 ("Jōkyū 3, 9th day of the 7th month"): In the 1st year of what is now considered to have been Chūkyō"-tennō" 's reign (仲恭天皇1年), he abruptly abdicated without designating an heir; and contemporary scholars then construed that the succession ("senso") [Varley, p. 44.] was received by a grandson of formerEmperor Go-Toba . [Brown, p. 344; Titsingh, p. 238.]
* January 14, 1222 ("Jōkyū 3, on the 1st day of the 12th month"):Emperor Go-Horikawa acceded to the throne ("sokui"). [Titsingh, p. 95; Brown, p. 344; Varley, p. 44.]Notes
References
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [
Jien , c. 1220] , "Gukanshō (The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219)." Berkeley:University of California Press . ISBN 0-520-03460-0
* Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō , 1652] , "Nipon o daï itsi ran ; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran --"Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006." Click here to read the original text in French.]
* Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chikafusa , 1359] , "Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley)." New York:Columbia University Press . ISBN 0-231-04940-4External links
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]
* [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=139733&imageID=110031&word=japan&s=1¬word=&d=&c=&f=&lWord=&lField=&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&total=1807&num=372&imgs=12&pNum=&pos=382 New York Public Library Digital Gallery, early photograph of Shrine steps where Sanetomo was killed]
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