Switzerland as a federal state

The rise of Switzerland as a federal state began on September 12, 1848, with the creation of a federal constitution, which was created in response to a 27-day civil war in Switzerland, the "Sonderbundskrieg". The constitution, which was heavily influenced by the US Constitution and the ideas of the French Revolution, was modified several times during the following decades and wholly revised in 1999. The constitution represents the first time that the Swiss were governed by a strong central government instead of being simply a collection of independent cantons bound by treaties.

"Sonderbundskrieg" and the Constitution of 1848

In 1847, the period of Swiss history known as Restoration ended with the breaking out of a war between the conservative Roman Catholic and the liberal Protestant Swiss cantons (the "Sonderbundskrieg"). The conflict between the Catholic and Protestant cantons had existed since the Reformation, and in the 19^th century the Protestant population now had a majority. [cite encyclopedia
title = Switzerland
encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
volume = 26
pages = 241
date = 1911
url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/Geography
accessdate = 2008-08-07 In 1850, the population was 59.3% Protestant and 40.6% Catholic] The "Sonderbund" () was concluded after the Radical Party had taken power in Switzerland and had, thanks to the Protestant majority of cantons, taken measures against the Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in Aargau in 1841cite encyclopedia
title = Switzerland
encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
volume = 26
pages = 259-263
date = 1911
url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Constitution
accessdate = 2008-08-07 ] . When Lucerne, in retaliation, recalled the Jesuits the same year, groups of armed Radicals ("Freischärler") invaded the canton. This caused a revolt, mostly because rural cantons were strongholds of ultramontanism.

The Sonderbund was in violation of the Federal Treaty of 1815, §6, which expressly forbade such separate alliances, and the Radical majority in the Tagsatzung decided to dissolve the Sonderbund on 21 October 1847. The confederate army was raised against the members of the Sonderbund. The army was composed of soldiers of all the other states except Neuchâtel and Appenzell Innerrhoden which had stayed neutral.

The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties. Apart from small riots [notably the shooting of 13 demonstrators by the Swiss Army in Geneva in 1932] , this was the last armed conflict on Swiss territory.

At the end of the Sonderbund War, the Diet began to debate a new federal constitution drawn up by Johann Conrad Kern (1808-1888) of Thurgau and Henri Druey (1790-1855) of Vaud. In the summer of 1848 this constitution was accepted by fifteen and a half cantons with Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Valais, Ticino and Appenzell Innerrhoden opposing. The new constitution was declared on September 12, 1848.

1848 Constitution

The new constitution created, for the first time, Swiss citizenship in addition to cantonal citizenship.

A federal central government was set up to which the cantons gave up certain parts of their sovereign rights, retaining the rest. The Federal Assembly was made up of two houses- Council of States ("Ständerat"), composed of two deputies from each canton (44 members at the time) and the National Council ("Nationalrat") made up of deputies elected three years, in the proportion of one for every 20,000 citizens or fraction over 10,000 from each canton. The Federal Council or executive ("Bundesrat") consisted of seven members elected by the Federal Assembly. In the 1848 Constitution, the entire Federal Council was granted the "supreme executive and directorial authority of the Confederation". [ [http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/101/a174.html Cst. art. 174] ] Each member of the Federal Council heads one of seven executive departments. The chairman of the Council also holds the title of President of the Swiss Confederation for a one year term, with the position rotating among the members of the Federal Council.

The judiciary ("Bundesgericht") was made up of eleven members elected for three years by the Federal Assembly. The "Bundesgericht" was chiefly confined to civil cases in which the Confederation was a party, but also took in also great political crimes. All constitutional questions are however reserved for the Federal Assembly.

A Federal university and a polytechnic school were to be founded. All military capitulations were forbidden in the future. Every canton must treat Swiss citizens who belong to one of the Christian confessions like their own citizens. All Christians were guaranteed the exercise of their religion but the Jesuits and similar religious orders were not to be received in any canton. German, French and Italian were recognized as national languages.

The constitution as a whole marked a great step forward; though very many rights were still reserved to the cantons, yet there was a fully organized central government. Almost the first act of the Federal Assembly was to exercise the power given them of determining the home of the Federal authorities, and on the 28th of November 1848 Berne was chosen. The first Federal Council sat on 16 November 1848, composed entirely of members of the Free Democratic Party.

Some of the first acts of the new Federal Assembly were to unify and standardize daily life in the country. In 1849 a uniform postal service was established. In 1850 a single currency replaced the intricate cantonal currencies, while all customs between cantons were abolished. In 1851 the telegraph was organized, while all weights and measures were unified. In 1868 the metric system was allowed and in 1875 declared obligatory and universal. In 1854 roads and canals taken in hand were taken under federal control. The Federal Polytechnic wasn't opened until 1855 in Zurich, though the Federal university authorized by the new constitution has not yet been set up.

In 1859, "Reisläuferei" (mercenary service) was outlawed, with the exception of the Vatican guard.

In 1866 the rights granted only to Christians (free movement and freedom of religion) under the 1848 Constitution, were extended to all Swiss regardless of religion.

1874 Revised Constitution

From 1848 onwards the cantons continually revised their constitutions, with most including the introduction of the referendum, by which laws made by the cantonal legislature may (facultative referendum) or must (obligatory referendum) be submitted to the people for their approval. It was therefore only natural that attempts should be made to revise the federal constitution of 1848 in a democratic and centralizing sense, for it had been provided that the Federal Assembly, on its own initiative or on the written request of 50,000 Swiss electors, could submit the question of revision to a popular vote. The first attempt at a revision in 1872 was defeated by a small majority, owing to the efforts of the anti-centralizing party. Finally, however, another draft was preferred, and on the April 19, 1874, the new constitution was accepted by the people — 14 1/2 cantons against 7 1/2 (those of 1848 without Ticino, but with Fribourg and Lucerne).

The Constitution of 1874 further strengthened the federal power. The revised Constitution included three major points. First, a system of free elementary education was set up, under the superintendence of the Confederation, but managed by the cantons. Second, a man settling in another canton was, after three months (instead of two years in the 1848 Constitution), given all cantonal and communal rights (formerly only cantonal rights were granted). Finally, the referendum was introduced in its "facultative" form; i.e., all federal laws must be submitted to popular vote on the demand of 30,000 Swiss citizens or of eight cantons. The "Initiative" (i.e., the right of compelling the legislature to consider a certain subject or bill) was not introduced into the Federal Constitution until 1891 (when it was given to 50,000 Swiss citizens) and then only as to a partial (not a total) revision of that constitution.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.questia.com/library/book/a-very-civil-war-the-swiss-sonderbund-war-of-1847-by-joachim-remak.jsp A Very Civil War: The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847]