William Spence

William Guthrie Spence (7 August 1846 - 13 December 1926), Australian trade union leader and politician, played a leading role in the formation of both Australia's largest union, the Australian Workers Union, and the Australian Labor Party.

Early life

Spence was born on the island of Eday in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, the son of a stonemason, and migrated to Australia with his family as a six-year-old child. He had no formal education and worked as a farm labourer in the Wimmera district of Victoria from the age of 13. Later he acquired a gold-mining license and worked for various mining companies. In 1871 he married Ann Jane Savage.cite web
first=Coral
last=Lansbury
coauthors=Bede Nairn
authorlink= Coral Lansbury
title =Spence, William Guthrie (1846 - 1926)
publisher =Australian National University
work=Australian Dictionary of Biography
url =http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A060191b.htm
accessdate = 2007-05-10]

In 1874 Spence was one of a number of militant mine-workers who formed the Amalgamated Miners' Association of Victoria, and he became the union's general secretary in 1882. He led the union into mergers with similar unions in the other Australian colonies, forming the Amalgamated Miners' Association of Australasia. [cite web
title =Spence, William Guthrie (1846 - 1926)
publisher = Australian Trade Union Archives
url =http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/members.nsf/1fb6ebed995667c2ca256ea100825164/6518220fdbd143beca256e5b00108cee!OpenDocument
accessdate = 2007-05-10 ] In 1886 he became the first president of the Amalgamated Shearers' Union and by 1890 most shearers in South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales had joined the union and 85 per cent of the shearing sheds were open to union members only.

Since the Australian economy was expanding rapidly at this time and there was an acute shortage of labour, the unions were in a strong bargaining position and were able to secure great improvements in the living standards of Australia's rural working class. But the Depression which began in 1891 led to acute class conflict as the mine owners and graziers tried to cut wages to remain solvent in the face of falling commodity prices, and the unions resisted. In 1894 Spence led the amalgamation of the miners, shearers and other rural workers into the Australian Workers Union (AWU), Australia's largest and most powerful union. There were bitter strikes in the maritime and pastoral industries, in which Spence played a leading role, although he was generally a force for moderation in the labour movement. He was the AWU's secretary from 1894 to 1898 and president from 1898 to 1917.

Political career

The defeat of the strikes of 1891-1894 led Spence and other labour leaders to move into politics. Spence supported the formation of the Progressive Political League, an early labour party, in Victoria in 1891 and he was narrowly beaten at a by-election in 1892 for the seat of Dundas in the Victorian Legislative Assembly. In 1891, he supported the first election campaign by the Labour Party in New South Wales, which won a number of seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. In 1898 Spence he became MP for Cobar in western New South Wales. [cite web
title =Mr William Guthrie Spence (1846 - 1926)
work =Members of Parliament
publisher =Parliament of New South Wales
url =http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/members.nsf/1fb6ebed995667c2ca256ea100825164/6518220fdbd143beca256e5b00108cee!OpenDocument
accessdate = 2007-05-10 ] He remained president of the AWU, making him one of the most powerful men in New South Wales politics. He described himself as "an evolutionary, not a revolutionary, socialist."

Unlike many in the labour movement, Spence supported the federation of the Australian colonies, and in 1901 he was elected to the first Australian House of Representatives as MP for Darling. Like most of the older generation of labour leaders who were born in the United Kingdom, Spence was associated with the more conservative wing of the Australian Labor Party, led by Billy Hughes. He was not really suited to parliamentary life and did not hold office until he was appointed Postmaster-General in the third Fisher Ministry from September 1914 to October 1915. He was also appointed to the undemanding position of Vice-President of the Executive Council in the second Hughes Ministry from November 1916 to February 1917.

In 1916 Hughes decided to introduce conscription to maintain Australia's contribution to the Allied forces in World War I. Most of the Labor Party bitterly opposed this, but Spence sided with Hughes. As a result he was expelled from the party along with Hughes and the other conscriptionist MPs. He was also deposed as president of the AWU and shortly after was expelled from the union. At the 1917 federal election, although Hughes was easily returned to power, Spence lost his seat, mainly because the AWU organised the rural workers to oppose him. Shortly after he was returned to Parliament at a by-election for the Tasmanian seat of Darwin. In 1919, he ran for the Melbourne, seat of Batman, but was defeated.

Spence took up farming and died of pulmonary oedema at Terang, Victoria, survived by his wife, four daughters and three of his five sons. His daughter Gwynetha had married publisher and politician Hector Lamond in 1902.

Assessment

Spence was typical of the founding generation of the Australian labour movement, in that he was born in Britain rather than Australia, was self-educated, was active in the temperance movement and was an active Protestant Christian - he was a Primitive Methodist lay preacher. Like most of his generation, he was loyal to the British Empire and thus supported conscription, while the younger, Australian-born and more secular (or Irish-Catholic) wing of the labour movement opposed it. Unlike Hughes, he soon regretted his break with the Labor Party and never recovered from his rejection by the union he helped found.

Honours

In 1972 the Canberra suburb of Spence was named after William Guthrie Spence. [cite web
title =Suburb name search results
publisher =Australian Capital Territory Planning and Land Authority
url =http://apps.actpla.act.gov.au/actlic/places/search/suburbResults_new3.asp?suburbName=SPENCE&Submit=Continue
accessdate = 2007-05-14] In October 2003 the Australian Workers' Union named its Melbourne headquarters in Spence's honour.

References

External links

* [http://www.awu.net.au/national/speeches/1065068635_9401.html Australian Workers Union memorial to Spence]
*Dictionary of Australian Biography|First=William|Last=Spence|Link=http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogSa-Sp.html#spence3

Persondata
NAME=Spence, William Guthrie
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Australian trade union leader and politician
DATE OF BIRTH=7 August 1846
PLACE OF BIRTH=Eday, Orkney, Scotland
DATE OF DEATH=13 December 1926
PLACE OF DEATH=Terang, Victoria