Monteleone Chariot

Monteleone chariot unearthed in Perugia, dated 530 BC.

The Monteleone chariot is an Etruscan chariot dated to ca. 530 BC. It was originally uncovered at Monteleone di Spoleto and is currently part of the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Though about 300 ancient chariots are known to still exist, only six are reasonably complete, and the Monteleone chariot is the best-preserved ^[1] and most complete ^[2][3] of all known surviving examples. Carlos Picón, curator of the museum's Greek and Roman department, has called it "the grandest piece of sixth-century Etruscan bronze anywhere in the world."^{[4][peacock term]}

Description

Close up on the wheel of the chariot.

The Monteleone chariot was part of a chariot burial, containing the remains of two human corpses, along with two drinking cups. Measuring 131 cm in height and designed to be drawn by two horses, the chariot itself is constructed of wood covered with hammered bronze plates and carved ivory decoration. The bronze plates are decorated with Homeric iconography; the main panel depicts Achilles being handed his armor by his mother, Thetis. The chariot's frame and plating is additionally adorned with animals and mythological creatures, rendered in detail. The chariot's decorations would also have included inlaid amber and other exotic materials, but only the bronze and ivory decorations have survived. coThe chariot's wheels have nine spokes (rather than the classical Greek four, the Egyptian six, or the Assyrian and Persian eight; excavated chariots from Celtic burials have up to twelve spokes).

Contemporary curators at the Museum had long suspected that the chariot's original 1903 reconstruction was not historically accurate. In 1989, under the direction of Italian archaeologist Adriana Emiliozzi, the Metropolitan Museum began a five-year reexamination and restoration of the chariot. During the restoration, it was discovered that the chariot had in fact been originally assembled incorrectly; additionally, evidence was uncovered indicating that the chariot, previously thought to have seen little actual use, had in fact been involved in a serious accident at some point during its life.^[5] The newly restored chariot's reinstallation was scheduled as part of the major renovations of the Metropolitan Museum's Greek and Roman galleries, opening to the public on April 20, 2007.

History

It was found in 1902 in Monteleone di Spoleto near Spoleto in the province of Perugia of Umbria, by a farmer named Isidoro Vannozzi who inadvertently unearthed it while digging a wine cellar. According to some accounts, Vannozzi hid the chariot in his barn, concerned that the authorities might confiscate it, and later sold it to two Frenchmen in exchange for two cows. Another account, related by Vannozzi's son Giuseppe, holds that the chariot was immediately sold as scrap metal, and the proceeds from the sale used to buy roof tiles. ^[6] Changing hands several times after its initial sale, the chariot was eventually purchased in Paris by J. P. Morgan, who sent it to the Metropolitan Museum in 1903, where its first restoration took place.

Because the museum's acquisition of the chariot in 1903 predates by six years Italy's first laws restricting export of items that carry "cultural and artistic values," the chariot's sale was legal at the time of purchase, though debated by the contemporary press.^[6][7] In January 2005, the comune of Monteleone began a campaign aimed at recuperating the chariot from the Met; their efforts, however, did not receive the backing of the Italian government. The Metropolitan Museum has responded that the chariot was "purchased in good faith".^[6] A full-size copy was made in the mid‑20th century, which is on display in Monteleone.

References

1. ^ Brendel, Otto; Francesca R. Serra Ridgway (1995). Pelican History of Art : Etruscan Art. Yale University Press. p. 146. ISBN 0300064462. "(T)he bronze chariot from Monteleone ... easily passes as the most splendid, as well as the most perfectly preserved, example of Archaic metal art in our possession." 
2. ^ Nag, Kalidas (2007). "Art and Archaeology Abroad". Read Books. p. 91. ISBN 1406752800. "The only complete ancient bronze chariot is the one from Monteleone ... the most notable example of ancient metal work." 
3. ^ Moore, Malcolm (2007-10-04). "Italian villagers fight New York's Met for 2,600-year-old chariot". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1548072/Italian-villagers-fight-New-York's-Met-for-2,600-year-old-chariot.html. "For the past decade, the Met has been carefully restoring the chariot, said to be the only intact Etruscan chariot ever found, to its former glory." 
4. ^ Mead, Rebecca (2007-04-09). "Den of Antiquity: the Met Defends its Treasures". The New Yorker: 54–61. 
5. ^ Vogel, Carol (2007-03-29). "A More Precise Version of Your Chariot Awaits". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/29/arts/design/29char.html?ex=1332820800&en=accf307e2331452e&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved 2007-03-30. 
6. ^ ^{a b c} Povoledo, Elisabetta (2007-04-05). "Umbrian Umbrage: Send Back That Etruscan Chariot". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/arts/design/05char.html?ex=1333425600&en=2b186de026816a09&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved 2007-04-09. 
7. ^ Galli, Paola (2005-05-03). "Cultural assets for sale. A comment on the Italian Code for the cultural assets and landscape". http://www.patrimoniosos.it/rsol.php?op=getintervento&id=52. Retrieved 2007-04-09. 

External links

• High-resolution images at www.metmuseum.org
• News report on the controversy (www.telegraph.co.uk)
• Additional discussion of the legal case for repatriation